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Ch. 2--sociology
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
| Culture | language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that are passed down from one generation to the next |
| Material Culture | the material objects that distinguish a group of people, such as their art, buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, clothings, and jewelry |
| Nonmaterial Culture (or Symbolic Culture) | a group's ways of thinking (including its beliefs, values, and other assumptions about the world) and doing (its common patterns of behavior, including language and other forms of interaction |
| Culture Shock | the disorientation that people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally differnet culture and can no longer depend on their taken-for-granted assumptions about life |
| Ethnocentrism | the use of one's own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of other individuals or societies, generally leading to negative evaluation of their values, norms, and behaviors |
| In order to develop a sociological imagination, what does one need to understand? | how culture affects people's lives |
| What do sociologists call the "culture within us"? | fundemental orientations we have acquired |
| Who developed the notioln that "one's own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it"? | Sociologist William Sumner (1906) |
| Sociologist William Sumner (1906) thought what? | "one's own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it" |
| What is the positive/negative of ethnocentrism? | Positive--creates in-group loyalties; Negative--leads to discrimination against people whose ways differ from ours |
| Cultural Relativism | not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms |
| T/F--There is nothing natural about material culture | T |
| T/F--There is nothing natural about nonmaterial culture | T |
| T/F--Culture penetrates deep into our thinking; becoming taken-for-granted | T |
| T/F--Culture ell provides implicit instructions that tus what we ought to do in various situations | T |
| T/F--Culture provides a "moral imperative" (culture becomes the "right" way of doing things | T |
| T/F--Coming into contact with a radically different culture challenges our assumptions of life. | T |
| T/F--Although the particulars of culture differ from one group of people to another, culture itself is universal | T |
| T/F--All people are ethnocentric (this has positive/negative consequences | T |
| Symbolic Culture | another term for nonmaterial culture |
| Symbol | something to which people attach meanings and then use to communicate with others |
| Gestures | the ways in which people use their bodies to communicate with one another |
| To help convey feelings onling, people use what? | emoticons |
| Language | a system of symbols that can be combined in an infinite number of ways and can represent not only objects but also abstract thought |
| Language allows what? | culture to develop by freeing people to move beyond their immediate experiences. |
| Without language, what would be true? | our memories would be extremely limited |
| Language enables us to agree on what? | times, dates, activity/planning, and places |
| What does language allow? | human experience to be cumulative; Shared perspectives; and Complex, shared, goal-directed behavior |
| What does language provide? | social or shared past and shared perspectives |
| How does language free us from the present? | by providing a past and future |
| Sapir-Whorf hypothesis | Edward Sapir's and Benjamin Whorf's hypothesis that language creates ways of thinkng and perceiving |
| What two anthropologists were intrigued when they noted that Hopi Indians of SW U.S. had no words to distinguish the past, present, and future? What year was it? | Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf; 1930s |
| What did Sapir and Whorf (1930s) conclude? | Language, was embedded within it way of lookng at the world. Thus thinking and perception expressed and shaped their language. |
| Does the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis reverse common sense? | yes, indicates that objects and events don't force themselves into our consciousness, but our language determines it. |
| Does language reflect and shape cultural experiences? | yes |
| Values | standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly |
| Norms | expectations, or rules of behavior, that develop to reflect and enforce values |
| Sanction | expressions of approval or disapproval given to people for upholding or violating norms |
| Positive Sanction | a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a prize |
| Negative Sanction | expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a prison sentence or an execution |
| Moral Holidays | (in some cultues) allowed to break the norms |
| Folkways | Norms that are not strictly enforced |
| Mores (MORE-rays) | Norms that are strictly enforced because they are thought essential to core values or the well-being of the group |
| Taboo | norm so strong that it often brings revulsion if violated |
| Subculture | values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture; a world within a world |
| Counterculture | group whose values, beliefs, and related behaviors place its members in opposition to the broader culture |
| Pluralistic Society | society made up of many different groups |
| What did sociologist Robin Williams (1965) identify as U.S. society's values (first 12)? | 1)Achievement and Success 2)Individualism 3) Activity and work 4) Efficiency and practicality 5) Science and technology 6)Progress 7) Material comfort 8)Humanitarianism 9) Freedom 10)Democracy 11)Equality 12)Racism and group superiority |
| What values established by sociologist Robin Williams (1965) were later added? | 13) Education 14)Religiosity (feeling every Americ. must be religious) 15) Romantic love |
| Value cluster | values that fit together to form a larger whole |
| Value contradiction | values that contradict one another; to follow the one means to come into conflict with the other |
| What are the value clusters in the U.S.? | 1)Leisure 2)Self-fulfillment 3)Physical fitness 4)Youthfulness 5)Concern for the environment |
| Ideal culture | the ideal values and norms of people;the goals held for them |
| Sociologist Robin Williams (1965) said (first 12) U.S. Values are what? | 1)Achievement & Success 2)Individualism 3)Activity & work 4)Efficiency and practicality 5) Science and technology 6) Progress 7)Material confort 8)Humanitarianism 9)Freedom 10)Democracy 11)Equality 12)Racism and group superiority |
| Sociologist Robin Williams (1965) said (values 13-15) U.S. Values are what? | 13) Education 14)Religiosity (feeling everyone ought to be religious) 15)Romantic Love |
| Value cluster | values that fit together to form a larger whole |
| Value contradiction | values that contradict one another; to follow the one means to come into conflict with the other |
| What is the value cluster in the U.S.? | 1)Leisure 2)Self-fulfillment 3)Physical fitness 4)Youthfullness 5)Concern for the environment |
| Cultural wars | clash in values |
| Ideal culture | the ideal values and norms of a people; the goals held out for them |
| Real Culture | the norms and values that people actually follow |
| Cultural Universe | a value, norm, or other cultural trait that is found in every group |
| Sociobiology | a framework of thought that views human behavior as the result of natural selection and considers biological factors to be the fundemental cause of human behavior |
| To discover if there were cultural universals, what did anthropologist George Murdock (1945) do? | examined data other anthropologists gathered and drew up a list of customs concerning courtship, marriage, funerals, games, laws, music, myths, incest taboos, and toilet training. |
| What did anthropologist George Murdock (1945) find in his study? | the specific customs differ from one group to another |
| Technology | tools; (broader sense) skills or procedures necessary to make and use tools |
| New technology | the emerging technologies of an era that have a significant impact on social life |
| Cultural lag | Ogburn's term for human behavior lagging behind technological innovations |
| Cultural diffusion | spread of cultural characteristics from one group to another |
| Cultural leveling | process by which cultures become similar to one another; especially refers to the process by which U.S. culture is being exported and diffused into other nations |
| Who coined the term cultural lag? | Sociologist William Ogburn (1922/1938) (a group's material culture usually changes first, with the nonmaterial culture lagging behind) |
| What cities can McDonalds be found today? | Tokyo, paris, london, madrid, moscow, hong kong, and beijing |
| How do subculture and countercultures differ? | Subculture is a group whose values and related behavior distinguish its members from the general culture. Counterculture holds some values that stand in opposition to those of the dominant culture. |
Created by:
nicegirl_07