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Anatomy
Nervous Tissue
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Functions of the Nervous System | sensory function, integrate function, and a motor function |
| sensory function | senses changes (stimuli) in the internal and external environment |
| integrative function | analyzes the changes and makes decisions on what should happen |
| motor function | responds to the stimuli after decision is made |
| divisions of the nervous system | central nervous system and peripheral nervous system |
| central nervous system (CNS) | consists of the brain and spinal cord |
| peripheral nervous system (PNS) | all other nervous system structures (sensory receptors, nerves, ganglia, and plexuses) |
| divisions of PNS | somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system |
| somatic nervous system (SNS) | controls skeletal muscles (voluntary) |
| autonomic nervous system (ANS) | controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands (involuntary) |
| divisions of ANS | sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions |
| sympathetic division | activated during times of physical activity and with stressful situations "fight or flight" activation may result in pounding heart, rapid & deep breathing, cold & sweaty skin, and dilated pupils |
| parasympathetic division | controls resting and non-stressful situations "rest and digest" |
| Two major categories of cells found in the nervous system | glial cells and neurons |
| glial cells | also called neuroglia (supporting cells of the nervous system) six types: astrocytes, ependymal calls, microglia, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, & satellite cells |
| astrocytes | helps regulate which substances from the blood can reach neurons (CNS) promote the formation of tight junctions between the epithelial cells of capillaries forming the blood-brain barrier regulates movement of materials from the blood into the brain and |
| oligodendrocytes | produce myelin within the CNS |
| schwann cells | produce myelin within the PNS |
| neurons | each neuron consists of a cell body and two types of processes (axons and dendrites) |
| cell body (soma) | contains nucleus, organelles, and cytosol cluster of cell bodies within the CNS are called NUCLEI clusters of cell bodies within the CNS are called GANGLIA |
| dendrites | parts of the neuron which receive electrical impulses |
| axon | carries electrical impulses away from the cell body (towards another neuron, muscle fiber, or gland cell) |
| presynaptic terminals | the bulb shaped ends of the axons they contain synaptic vesicles which store neurotransmitters (chemical messengers of the nervous system) |
| myelin sheaths | most axons are surrounded by myelin sheaths insulate the neuron and speeds up the action potentials in the CNS, myelin sheaths are formed by oligodendrocytes in the PNS, myelin sheaths are formed by schwann cells where oligodendrocytes and schwann cel |
| myelinated neurons | neurons that have axons covered with meylin sheaths action potentials travel along the axons of myelinated neurons by way of saltatory conduction |
| unmyelinated neurons | neurons that have axons that are not covered with myelin sheaths action potentials travel along the axons of unmyelinated neurons by way of continuous conduction |
| white matter | regions of the CNS that consists mainly of myelinated axons are white in color |
| gray matter | regions of the CNS that consists mainly of cell bodies and unmyelinated axons are gray in color |
| functional classification of neurons | based on the direction in which action potentials are conducted sensory neuron, motor neuron, and interneurons |
| sensory (afferent) neurons | conduct action potentials (from sensory receptors) towards the CNS |
| motor (efferent) neurons | conduct action potentials away from the CNS (towards muscles and glands) |
| interneurons (association neurons) | conduct action potentials from one neuron to another within the CNS |
| structural classification of neurons | bases on the number of processes that extend from the neuron cell body multipolar, bipolar, unipolar neurons |
| multipolar neurons (typically motor or interneuron functions) | one axon and many dendrites |
| bipolar neurons | one axon and one dendrite function: special sensing |
| unipolar neurons | appear to have one axon and no dendrites function: somatic sensory (general sensing) |
Created by:
hharki
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