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Biochemistry
Test 1 Part 5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 1. Atmosphere 2. Hydrosphere 3. Lithosphere 4. Biosphere | 4 Chemical Reserves on Earth |
| Carbon | • 4th most abundant element in the universe • Found in all organic molecules (amino acids, proteins, carbs, DNA) |
| 100x | • Before life on earth- CO2 levels were ____ greater than today • As plants evolved, CO2 was removed from the atmosphere through photosynthesis |
| Photosynthesis | removes carbon from the atmosphere and places it into the lithosphere and biosphere |
| Cellular Respiration | primary mechanism that returns C to the atmosphere or hydrosphere |
| Energy | chemical energy in the form of ATP- _____ currency of living cells • Mostly enters the atmosphere as CO2 or methane (CH4) |
| o Burning organic compounds o Diffusion into the atmosphere (from the hydrosphere) o Decomposition | Carbon enters through respiration and through: |
| Carbonates (limestone, marble) | Carbon enters the lithosphere through: |
| o Carbonate (CO3-3) o Bicarbonate (HCO3-) o Organic, from algae/phytoplankton | Carbon enters hydrosphere as CO2 which can be converted into: |
| CH4- methane | is a potent greenhouse gas: o Occurs naturally o 21x more powerful than CO2 |
| 1. Wetlands 2. Lakes 3. Termite 4. Ocean 5. CH4 Hydrate • All products of fermentation (cellular respiration w/o oxygen being present) | 5 Natural Sources of Methane... |
| 1. Fossil Fuel Mining 2. Enteric Fermentation 3. Rice Cultivation 4. Burning wood, grass 5. Landfills 6. Animal Waste 7. Sewage Treatment | 7 Human Sources of Methane... |
| Nitrogen | • Important for life- amino acids, proteins, DNA • 80% of Earths ____ is in the atmosphere as gas N2 o Not available to most organisms |
| Nitrogen Fixation | process that converts N2 to ammonia (NH4+) or nitrate (NO3-) |
| Ammonia and nitrate can then be used by plants and microbes o Animals receive N by eating other organisms with N | After Nitrogen Fixation, ammonia and nitrate are used by... |
| Rhizobium-N | fixing bacteria in root nodules of legumes (bean family) |
| Frankia-N | fixing bacteria in roots of Alder trees (100kg N per hectare) |
| Azobacter & Clostridum | free living soil bacteria |
| Azobacter & Clostridium | free living soil bacteria |
| Cyanobacteria | fixation occurs in special cells, heterocyst (75% N fixation in aquatic systems) |
| High Energy N Fixation | lighting, cosmic radiation, meteorites (~10% of total natural N fixation) |
| Nitrogen/ Phosphorous | ____ is limited in salt water & ____ is limited in freshwater |
| Decomposition | release N back into the environment |
| Ammonification | the breakdown of organic molecules (proteins and amino acids) to release ammonia (NH4+) |
| Nitrification | converting ammonia to: Nitrite (NO2-) by bacteria Nitrosomonas Nitrate (NO3-) by bacteria Nitrobacter |
| Dentrification | returning NH3+ to N2 gas Occurs in anoxic environments (no oxygen) |
| Eutrophication | o Too much nitrogen in an aquatic system o Causes overgrowth of algae/phytoplankton blooms o Causes fish kills o N is growth limited in most marine/coastal systems |
| Phosphorous | Vital element- RNA, DNA, ATP |
| Phosphorous | • Does not have a dominant gas phase (atmosphere) o Typically found as small particles in the atmosphere • Major reservoir- sedimentary rock |
| Biosphere | • P in ____ comes from sediments through weathering • Oxidized in phosphates (PO4-3), enters soils and water (hydrosphere) where taken in by plants |
| Animals get P from eating other organisms (but lose P from waste products; urine, feces, decomposition) | How do animals gain and lose P? |
Created by:
acorso3
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