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Anatomy: Chemistry
Human Anatomy (Marieb)
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Energy | The capacity to do work (massless) |
Kinetic energy | Energy in action |
Potential energy | stored energy |
Matter | Solid, liquid, gas Has mass |
Chemical energy | In chemical bonds (potential into kinetic) Digestion |
Electrical energy | Results from the movement of charged particles Ions across cell membranes (nervous system) |
Mechanical energy | directly involved in moving matter (muscle and skeletal movement) |
Radiant energy | energy that travels in waves (X-rays, visible light, UV, vitamin D production) |
Elements | Cannot be broken down into smaller substances |
elements that make up 96% of body | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen |
3 subatomic particles | Protons, neutrons, electrons |
Proton | positive charged particle in nucleus |
Neutron | neutral charged particle in nucleus |
Electron | negative charged particle outside of nucleus |
Atomic number | number of protons (also electrons since they equal) |
Atomic mass | number of protons + number of neutrons |
Atomic weight | takes into consideration the various isotopes. average of all relative weights of the isotopes |
Isotopes | elements that have the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons |
Orbitals | regions around the nucleus that contain electrons |
Radioisotopes | unstable isotopes that decompose spontaneously (radioactivity) |
Molecule | Two or more atoms bonded together with chemical bond. smallest particle of a compound with those specific characteristics. can be the same kind of atom. |
Compound | Two or more DIFFERNT kinds of atoms bonded together |
Chemical bond | Atoms combined with other atoms |
Electron shell | orbitals around the nucleus |
Valence shell | outermost orbital |
Octet rule | atoms tend to interact in order to have 8 electrons in the valence shell (except shell 1) |
Ion | charged atom as it gained or lost electrons formed by the transfer of valence shell electrons |
Anion | Negative charged ion (gained electron) |
Cation | Positive charged ion (lost electron) |
Ionic bond | attraction of opposite charged ions most are salts |
Covalent bond | formed when atoms share electrons |
Nonpolar covalent bond | electrons shared equally. (Like CO2) Electrically balanced |
Polar covalent bond | unequally shared electrons. Part of the molecule will be slightly positive and another part will be slightly negative |
Hydrogen bond | Not a true bond - more like an attraction. Hydrogen is attracted to a negative atom in another molecule |
Synthesis chemical reaction | smaller particles are bonded together to form larger, more complex molecules. (Amino acids) |
Decomposition chemical reaction | Bonds are broken in larger molecules resulting in smaller, less complex molecules (Glycogen broken down into glucose) |
Exchange chemical reactions | Bonds are both made and broken (also called displacement reactions) |
Factors that affect reaction rates | Temperature, concentration, particle size, catalysts |
Trace Element | An element that makes up 0.01% of body weight or less |