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Broyles
Broyle's Cardiac Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four chambers of the Heart? | Right Atrium, Left Atrium, Right Ventricle, Left Ventricle |
| Is the right atrium in the upper upper or lower right chamber of the heart? | Upper Right Chamber |
| How many valves are located within the heart keep the blood moving forward and prevent backflow? | Four |
| What are the four valves of the heart called? | The heart has two atrioventricular (AV) valves and two semilunar valves |
| What are the two atrioventricular (AV) valves called and where are they located? | The Tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle. The left Bicuspid, commonly called the mitral valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle. |
| What are the two semilunar valves called and where are they located? | The pulmonary semilunar valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. The aortic semilunar valve is located between the left ventricle and the aorta. |
| Which ventricle of the heart (the right or left) receives deoxygenated blood and pumps blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery to release carbon dioxide and receive oxygen? | The Right Ventricle |
| Does the right or left atrium of the heart receive oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins? | The left atrium |
| What is the blood circulation flow? | Superior vena cava/inferior vena cava,right atrium,tricuspid valve,right ventricle,pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary artery,capillaries in the lungs, pulmonary veins,left atrium,bicuspid valve, left ventricle,aortic semilunar valve,aorta |
| What is the delivery of oxygen and nutrient-rich arterial blood to cardiac muscle tissue and the return of oxygen-poor blood from this active tissue to the venous system called? | Coronary Circulation |
| What is pulmonary circulation? | Pulmonary circulation is the movement of blood from the heart, to the lungs, and back to the heart again. |
| How many gallons of blood does the heart pump per day? | 1000 |
| The heart is located in the chest cavity between the lungs in a region called the what? | The Mediastinum |
| Name the 3 layers of the heart? | pericardium, myocardium, and endocardium |
| Which layer of the heart is two-layered and between the two thin membranes is a serous fluid that allows friction-free movement of the heart as it contracts and relaxes and is the outermost layer? | The Pericardium |
| Which layer of the heart forms the bulk of the heart wall and is the thickest and strongest layer of the heart and is composed of cardiac muscle tissue which is responsible for the pumping of the blood? | The myocardium |
| Which layer is composed of a thin layer of connective tissue that lines the interior of the heart, the valves, and the larger vessels of the heart? | The endocardium |
| Which valve connects the right atrium with the right ventricle? | The tricuspid valve |
| What are the two largest veins that carry blood into the heart called? | The superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava |
| The cardiac cycle refers to a complete heartbeat. The two atria contract while the two ventricles relax. When the ventricles contract, the two atria relax. What is the phase of contraction called? | The phase of contraction is called systole |
| The heart sounds (lubb and dubb) are produced by opening or the closure of the valves? | The closure of the valves |
| The first sound, (long duration and low pitch) heard when the AV valves close is called what? | lubb |
| What is the medical procedure in which a balloon is used to open a blockage in a coronary (heart) artery narrowed by atherosclerosis (ATH-er-o-skler-O-sis). This procedure improves blood flow to the heart. | Angioplasty |
| What test monitors the prescribed exertion by the patient such as the use of treadmills or aerobic exercise to evaluate the extent of cardiac capability under extreme circumstances, thus setting the limit of exercise tolerance in cardiac disease? | Cardiac Stress Test |
| What is an invasive procedure used to visualize the heart's chambers, valves, great vessels, and coronary arteries? | Cardiac Catheterization |
| What is a graphic study of the electrical activities of the myocardium to determine transmission of cardiac impulses through the muscles/conduction tissue? | ECG |
| The cardiac cycle refers to a complete heartbeat. The two atria contract while the two ventricles relax. When the ventricles contract, the two atria relax. What is the phase of relaxation called? | The phase of relaxation is called diastole |
| What is the name of a small portable recorder that is attached to the patient by one to four leads, with a 2-pound tape recorder carried on a belt or shoulder strap operating continuously to record the patterns and rhythms of the patient's heartbeat? | In the right atrium |
| What test visualizes the abdominal aorta and the major leg arteries by use of dye injected through the femoral artery and into the aorta where dye visualizes the abdominal aorta and major leg arteries. X-ray visualization is employed. | An Aortogram |
| What is the action-picture radiograph, allowing observation of movement and is invaluable in pacemaker or intracardial catheter placement. | Fluoroscopy |
| What is a series of radiographs taken after injection of radiopaque dye into an artery, aiding in diagnosis of vessel occlusion, pooling in various heart chambers, and congenital anomalies? | Angiogram |
| The second sound, short duration, sharp sound, heard when the semilunar valves close is called what? | dubb |
| What is telemetry? | Battery-powered transmitters that do not require direct connection of a pt to the oscilloscope. Electrodes are placed on the pt's chest & to a transmitter carried by the pt in a pocket/pouch which sends a signal to a receiver. |
| What are the coronary arteries? | The "coronary arteries" are the vessels which bring the blood to the heart. |
| What are the pulmonary arteries? | The pulmonary arteries carry blood from heart to the lungs. |
| Each ECG has three distinct waves, or deflections: the P wave, the QRS complex, and the T wave. When the heart contracts, the electrical activity is called what? | Depolarization |
| The heartbeat is initiated in the sinoatrial (SA) node, which is located in the upper part of the right atrium, just beneath the opening of the superior vena cava, is also known by what name because it regulates the beat of the heart? | The Pacemaker |
| What is the flow of the IMPULSE PATTERN? | Sinoatrial node → Atrioventricular node → bundle of His → right and left bundle branches → Purkinje fibers |
| What is the main trunk of the systemic arterial circulation? | The Aorta |
| What is the node called where impulses pass and are then slowed to allow the atrium to complete contraction and to allow the ventricles to fill? | The Atrioventricular Node |
| Each ECG has three distinct waves, or deflections: the P wave, the QRS complex, and the T wave. When the heart contracts, the electrical activity is called Depolarization. What is the relaxation phase called? | Repolarization |
| What is a rapid, regular rhythm originating in the Sinoatrial lobe characterized by a heartbeat of 100 to 150 or more per minute usually caused by exercise, anxiety, fever, shock, medications, caffeine,etc and is not usually caused by a cardiac problem? | Sinus Tachycardia |
| What is disorganized electrical activity in the atria causing the atria to quiver rather than contract as a unit causing the atria beat chaotically and is characterized by an atrial rate of 350 to 600 beats per minute? | Atrial fibrillation |
| What is the sudden onset of a rapid heartbeat originating in the atria and is characterized by a pulse rate of 150 to 250 beats per minute? | Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) |
| What is AV block? | Atrioventricular block occurs when a defect in the AV junction slows or impairs conduction of impulses from the SA node to the ventricles. |
| What are are abnormal heart beats that arise from the right or left ventricle. | PVCs Premature ventricular contractions |
| What is B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)? | B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a neurohormone secreted by the heart in response to ventricular expansion. An elevated BNP greater than 100 pg/mL indicates some heart failure. |
| What are the three kinds of blood vessels organized for carrying blood to and from the heart? | The arteries, veins, and capillaries. |
| Are being of the male gender or African-American race, and a positive family history of CAD modifiable or non-modifiable risk factors? | Non-modifiable |
| What are some major modifiable risk factors for CAD? | Cigarette smoking, hyperlipidemia, stress, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and hypertension. A diet high in cholesterol and saturated fats contributes to risk factors. |
| What is the term used to describe a variety of conditions that obstruct blood flow in the coronary arteries? | Coronary artery disease (CAD) |
| What is the function of the cardiovascular system? | To deliver oxygen and nutrients to the cells and to remove carbon dioxide and waste products from the cells. |
| What is EF? | When the LV contracts, forcing blood out to the body, it's called ejection. The fraction part is that the LV never pumps out all the blood, there's always a little left for the next contraction. The amt the LV pumps out per beat is the ejection fraction. |
| Which test uses high-frequency ultrasound directed at the heart to detect for example, pericardial effusion or cardiac chamber size and contents, ventricular muscle and septal motion and thickness? | Echocardiography |
| Which of the following cardiac markers is specific to the heart, not influenced by skeletal muscle trauma or renal failure, and rises 3 hours following a myocardial infarction? A. CK-MB B. Troponin I C. Homocysteine D. myoglobin | Troponin T |
| What is abnormal swishing sound heard over organs, glands, and arteries? | Bruit |
| Of the following, which diagnostic test that allows observation of real time movement via radiography is: A. Fluoroscopy B. Angiography C. Echocardiography D. Cardiac monitoring | Fluoroscopy |
| What is localized area of necrosis in tissue, a vessel, or an organ resulting from tissue anoxia; caused by an interruption in the blood supply to an area? | Infarct |
| Which letters on the EKG represent Ventricular Depolarization | QRS |
| What is decreased blood supply to a body organ or part; often marked by pain and organ dysfunction? | Ischemia |
| What is another word for systole | Depolarization |
| What affects the conduction (electrical) system of the heart? | Automaticity and Irritability |
| What is the heart's ability to contract in a rhythmatic pattern? | Automaticity |
| What is the heart's ability to respond to stimuli? | Irritability |
| On an EKG, what do the P & Q points represent? | Atrial depolarization |
| What demand set the demand of the heart? | Oxygen Demand |
| What is the endocardium layer comprised? | Connective tissue |
| What is a normal EF percentage? | 60% |
| Of the following, which is the most serious type of dysrhythmia? A. Atrial fibrillation B. Ventricular fibrillation C. Supraventricular tachycardia D. Sinus bradycardia | Ventricular Fibrillation |
| What nursing care would be appropriate for a post pacemaker patient? | Closely monitoring heart rate and rhythm by apical pulse and ECG patterns. Also, vital signs and level of consciousness are checked frequently. The insertion site is observed for erythema, edema, and tenderness, which could be signs of infection. |
| What is Ventricular Fibrillation? | It is a state where the ventricles are quivering with disorganized electrical and mechanical activity. |
| What is a transient loss of consciousness due to inadequate blood flow to the brain (fainting)? | Syncope |
| What is a common arterial disorder characterized by yellowish plaques of cholesterol, lipids, and cellular debris in the inner layer of the walls of large and medium-sized arteries? | Atherosclerosis |
| What is the procedure called in which a catheter is passed into the heart chambers and vessels to measure pressures, to determine if blockages exist in the coronary arteries, and to learn how effectively the heart pumps blood? | Cardiac Catherization |
| What is death of heart muscle due to insufficient blood supply, usually because of clot obstructing blood flow? | Myocardial Infarction |
| What is backward flow of blood caused by a defective heart valve? | Regurgitation |
| What is the muscle wall between the atria or ventricles (upper or lower heart chambers)? | Septum |
| What is it called when the lumen of the blood vessel widens, thus increasing the blood flow? | Vasodilation |
| What is the development of a clot within blood vessels, can occur in arteries or veins? | Thromboembolism |
| What is an obstruction or closing off in a canal, vessel, or passage of the body? | Occlusion |
| What is restoration of the heart's normal sinus rhythm by delivery of a synchronized electric shock through two metal paddles placed on the patient's chest? | Cardioversion |
| What do the P & Q represent on the EKG? | Atrial Depolarization |
| What is it called when the lumen of the blood vessel narrows, thus hindering blood flow and resulting in less edema? | Vasoconstriction |
| Which letters on the EKG represent Repolarization | T & U |
| What are the tiny blood vessels called that connect the arteries to the veins? | Capillaries |
| An overall serum cholesterol level of less than what is desirable? | 200 mg/dL |
| What is a desirable LDL number? | Less than 100 |
| What is a desireable HDL number? | Greater than 60 |
| What amino acid produced during protein digestion and appears to promote the progression of atherosclerosis by causing endothelial damage, promoting LDL deposits, and promoting vascular smooth muscle growth. | Homocysteine |
| What are the normal values for homocysteine? | Normal values range from 4 to 14 Umol/L |
| What myocardial muscle protein is released into circulation after a myocardial injury? | Troponine |
| What is the normal blood level sodium (Na+) | 134 - 142 |
| What is the normal blood level of chloride (Cl)? | 96 to 105 mEq/L |
| What is the normal blood level of calcium (Ca)? | 4.5 mEq/L |
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bsmymicareo
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