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Module 1 diabetes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Insulin | The primary effect of insulin is to stimulate absorption of glucose after a meal in order to replenish intracellular glycogen stores |
| Glucagon | stimulating glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis in liver and fat break down adipose tissue Activating intracellular lipase in adipocytes, resulting in the liberation of large quantities of FFAs, while inhibiting triglyceride storage in the liver |
| Carbohydrates | hydrolyzed in small intestines to glucose, galactose, and fructose |
| Glucose, galactose, and fructose (monosaccharides) are abosrbed | by intestinal wall and most transported to liver |
| liver holds | 7% of its weight in glycogen |
| Skeletal Muscle Holds | 2% of its weight in glycogen |
| Organs and Muscles and cells that except glucose | brain, liver, red blood cells and pancreatic beta-cells insulin independent |
| excess glucose directed to and synthesized to | fatty acid and synthesized to triglycerides |
| Short term fasting | Between meals- HGP plays key role in Blood sugar maintenance through glyocenesis and glycogenolysis |
| Glycogenolysis | Primary source of glucose for 8 to 12 hours- Production of glucose from noncarbohydrate (create glucose from noncarbohydrate source |
| Glucogenesis | Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage ( creation of glycogen) |
| Glycogenolysis | Breakdown of glycogen |
| Glycolysis | oxidation of glucose for use as energeny |
| HGP | Hepatice Glucose Production |
| FFA | Free Fatty Acid |
| Insulin on liver | ↑ Glucose uptake ↑ Glycolysis and production of acetyl CoA (i.e., use of glucose for energy) ↑ Glycogen synthesis and storage ↓ Glycogenolysis ↓ Gluconeogenesis ↑ Fatty acid synthesis |
| Insulin on muscle | ↑ Glucose uptake ↑ Glycolysis and production of acetyl CoA (i.e., use of glucose for energy) ↑ Glycogen synthesis and storage ↓ Glycogenolysis ↑ Amino acid uptake ↑ Protein synthesis ↓ Proteolysis |
| Insulin on Adipose tissue | ↑ Glucose uptake ↑ Fatty acid synthesis and triglyceride storage ↓ Lipolysis |
| Basal Insulin | Secreted at rate of 0.5-1 unit insulin per hour approximately 40 to 50% of daily insulin |
| Types of Meals that stimulate both glucagon and insulin at the same time | High protein meals |
| MODY | Maturity onset diabetes of the young |
| Maturity onset diabetes of young | due to autosomal dominant mutations that lead to hyperglycemia, has been linked to over 20 genes |
| LADA | Latent Autoimmune diabetes of adults- slow onset type 1 |
| Ketosis-prone Type 2 Diabetes | Severe beta Cell dysfunction appear to underline ketosis-prone |
| Diabetic Endocrinopathies | Impaired glucose tolerance and diagnosed diabetes are frequently associated with acromegaly and hypercortisolism (Cushing syndrome) |
| Diagnostic criteria | A1C>6.5%, Fasting greater than or equal to 126, 2-hour fasting greater than or equal to 200mg/dl during an oral tolerance test, Random ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms of uncontrolled hyperglycemia (polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia) or hyperglycemic crisis |
| Prediabetes diagnosis | A1C 5.7-6.4%, fasting glucose 100-125mg/dl, 2 hour fasting glucose 140-199mg/dl during an oral glucose tolerance test |
| Gestational Diabetes diagnosis test | 75-g OGTT, with measurement fasting, 1h and 2h, |
| How long should fast for gestational diabetes and when should test be run | Fasting for 8 hours, run at 24-28 weeks for women not previously diagnosed |
| results for diagnosis of gestational diabetes | The diagnosis any of the following are exceeded: — Fasting ≥92 — 1 hour ≥180 — 2 hours ≥153 |
Created by:
countryrph05
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