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OpenStax Chem 10
This content is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11760/1.9
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| adhesive force | force of attraction between molecules of different chemical identities |
| amorphous solid | (also, noncrystalline solid) solid in which the particles lack an ordered internal structure |
| body-centered cubic (BCC) solid | crystalline structure that has a cubic unit cell with lattice points at the corners and in the center of the cell |
| body-centered cubic unit cell | simplest repeating unit of a body-centered cubic crystal; it is a cube containing lattice points at each corner and in the center of the cube |
| boiling point | temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the pressure of the gas above it |
| Bragg equation | equation that relates the angles at which X-rays are diffracted by the atoms within a crystal |
| capillary action | flow of liquid within a porous material due to the attraction of the liquid molecules to the surface of the material and to other liquid molecules |
| Clausius-Clapeyron equation | mathematical relationship between the temperature, vapor pressure, and enthalpy of vaporization for a substance |
| cohesive force | force of attraction between identical molecules |
| condensation | change from a gaseous to a liquid state |
| coordination number | number of atoms closest to any given atom in a crystal or to the central metal atom in a complex |
| covalent network solid | solid whose particles are held together by covalent bonds |
| critical point | temperature and pressure above which a gas cannot be condensed into a liquid |
| crystalline solid | solid in which the particles are arranged in a definite repeating pattern |
| cubic closest packing (CCP) | crystalline structure in which planes of closely packed atoms or ions are stacked as a series of three alternating layers of different relative orientations (ABC) |
| deposition | change from a gaseous state directly to a solid state |
| diffraction | redirection of electromagnetic radiation that occurs when it encounters a physical barrier of appropriate dimensions |
| dipole-dipole attraction | intermolecular attraction between two permanent dipoles |
| dispersion force | (also, London dispersion force) attraction between two rapidly fluctuating, temporary dipoles; significant only when particles are very close together |
| dynamic equilibrium | state of a system in which reciprocal processes are occurring at equal rates |
| face-centered cubic (FCC) solid | crystalline structure consisting of a cubic unit cell with lattice points on the corners and in the center of each face |
| face-centered cubic unit cell | simplest repeating unit of a face-centered cubic crystal; it is a cube containing lattice points at each corner and in the center of each face |
| freezing | change from a liquid state to a solid state |
| freezing point | temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a substance are in equilibrium; see also melting point |
| hexagonal closest packing (HCP) | crystalline structure in which close packed layers of atoms or ions are stacked as a series of two alternating layers of different relative orientations (AB) |
| hole | (also, interstice) space between atoms within a crystal |
| hydrogen bonding | occurs when exceptionally strong dipoles attract; bonding that exists when hydrogen is bonded to one of the three most electronegative elements: F, O, or N |
| induced dipole | temporary dipole formed when the electrons of an atom or molecule are distorted by the instantaneous dipole of a neighboring atom or molecule |
| instantaneous dipole | temporary dipole that occurs for a brief moment in time when the electrons of an atom or molecule are distributed asymmetrically |
| intermolecular force | noncovalent attractive force between atoms, molecules, and/or ions |
| interstitial sites | spaces between the regular particle positions in any array of atoms or ions |
| ionic solid | solid composed of positive and negative ions held together by strong electrostatic attractions |
| isomorphous | possessing the same crystalline structure |
| melting | change from a solid state to a liquid state |
| melting point | temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a substance are in equilibrium; see also freezing point |
| metallic solid | solid composed of metal atoms |
| molecular solid | solid composed of neutral molecules held together by intermolecular forces of attraction |
| normal boiling point | temperature at which a liquid’s vapor pressure equals 1 atm (760 torr) |
| octahedral hole | open space in a crystal at the center of six particles located at the corners of an octahedron |
| phase diagram | pressure-temperature graph summarizing conditions under which the phases of a substance can |
| exist polarizability | measure of the ability of a charge to distort a molecule’s charge distribution (electron cloud) |
| simple cubic structure | crystalline structure with a cubic unit cell with lattice points only at the corners |
| simple cubic unit cell | (also, primitive cubic unit cell) unit cell in the simple cubic structure |
| space lattice | all points within a crystal that have identical environments |
| sublimation | change from solid state directly to gaseous state |
| supercritical fluid | substance at a temperature and pressure higher than its critical point; exhibits properties intermediate between those of gaseous and liquid states |
| surface tension | energy required to increase the area, or length, of a liquid surface by a given amount |
| tetrahedral hole | tetrahedral space formed by four atoms or ions in a crystal |
| triple point | temperature and pressure at which the vapor, liquid, and solid phases of a substance are in equilibrium |
| unit cell | smallest portion of a space lattice that is repeated in three dimensions to form the entire lattice |
| vacancy | defect that occurs when a position that should contain an atom or ion is vacant |
| van der Waals force | attractive or repulsive force between molecules, including dipole-dipole, dipole-induced dipole, and London dispersion forces; does not include forces due to covalent or ionic bonding, or the attraction between ions and molecules |
| vapor pressure | (also, equilibrium vapor pressure) pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with a solid or a liquid at a given temperature |
| vaporization | change from liquid state to gaseous state |
| viscosity | measure of a liquid’s resistance to flow |
| X-ray crystallography | experimental technique for determining distances between atoms in a crystal by measuring the angles at which X-rays are diffracted when passing through the crystal |
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