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ANTH 205 Quiz #4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chiefdom | a formalized and centralized political system led by a chief |
| Chief | A person who owns, manages, and controls the basic productive factors of the economy and has privileged access to strategic and luxury goods |
| Adjudication | The settling of legal disputes through a formal, centralized authority |
| Barter | The direct exchange of one commodity for another; it does not involve the use of money |
| Hierarchical Society | A society in which some people have greater access than others to wealth, rank, status, authority, and power |
| Intensive Horticulture | A method of crop production by irrigating, fertilizing, hoeing, and terracing hillsides |
| Kula | A form of reciprocal exchange involving ceremonial items on the Trobriand Islands |
| Mana | The Polynesian term referring to supernaturally significant powers |
| Office | A formal position of authority in a group or society |
| Potlatch | A form of redistributional exchange found among many Northwest Native American groups |
| Redistributional Economic Exchange | A system that involves the exchange of goods and resources through a centralized organization |
| Regional Symbiosis | The pattern in which a particular society resides in an ecological habitat divided into different resource areas that become interdependent |
| Strata | Groups of equivalent statuses based on ranked divisions within a society |
| Sumptuary Rules | Cultural norms and practices used to differentiate the higher-status groups from the lower-status groups |
| Tabu | Th Polynesian term for a prohibition of specific behaviors |
| Theocracies | A society in which people rule not because of their worldly wealth and power, but because of their place in the moral and sacred order. |
| Caste | An endogamous social grouping into which a person is born and in which the person remains throughout his or her lifetime |
| Civilization | A complex society that has dense urban centers, extensive food surpluses, a specialized division of labor, a bureaucratic organization or government, monumental art, and writing systems |
| Closed Societies | A society in which social status is generally ascribed, rather than achieved |
| Command Economy | An economic system in which the political elite makes the decisions concerning production, prices, and trade |
| Dowry | Goods and wealth paid by the bride's family to the groom's family |
| Ecclesiastical Religions | Religious traditions that develop in state societies and combine governmental and religious authority |
| Feudalism | A decentralized form of political economy based on landed estates, which existed during different historical periods in agrarian societies |
| Galactic Polity | A type of state that rules primarily through religious authorities and cosmologies |
| Intensive Agriculture | The cultivation of crops by preparing permanent fields year after year, often using irrigation and fertilizers |
| Moral Economy | An economy that involves reciprocity and redistribution among close kin and other villagers in a society |
| Peasants | People who cultivate land in rural areas for their basic subsistence and pay tribute to elite groups |
| Purdah | The Arabic term for the seclusion of women |
| Radial Polity | A state that rules more directly through government and military officials that have more centralized control over various provinces and regions |
| Rites of Legitimation | Rituals that reinforce the divine authority of a ruler |
| Theater State | A limited form of state society in Southeast Asia |
| Tributary Mode | The economic system of an agricultural society that uses tribute to extract labor, taxes, or other services from peasants |
| Tribute | The payment of labor, taxes, or other services from one group to another |
| Universalistic Religion | Religions whose spiritual messages apply to all of humanity |
| Industrial Society | A society that uses sophisticated technology based upon machinery powered by advanced fuels to produce material goods |
| Mercantilism | A system in which the government regulates the economy of a state to ensure economic growth, a positive balance of trade, and the accumulation of wealth, usually gold and silver |
| Industrialization | The use of machines and the sophisticated technology to satisfy the needs of society by transforming raw materials into manufactured goods |
| Modernization | Economic, social, political, and religious changes related to modern industrial and technological developments |
| Demographic Transition | The decline of birth rates and death rates during later phases of industrialization |
| Primary Sector | The sector of an industrialized economy that is devoted ti the extraction of natural resources |
| Secondary Sector | The sector of an industrialized economy that is devoted to processing raw materials into manufactured goods |
| Tertiary Sector | The sector of an industrialized economy devoted to services |
| Market Economy | A pattern of economic exchange based on the value of goods and services determined by the supply and demand of these items |
| Capitalism | An economic system in which natural resources, as well as the means of producing and distributing goods and services, are privately owned |
| Socialism | An economic system in which the state owns the basic means of production |
| Oligopoly | The result when economic organizations merge and dominate within an economy |
| Monopoly Capitalism | A form of capitalism dominated by oligopolies that can reduce free competition through the concentration of capital |
| Multinational Corporation | A transnational economic organization that operates in many different regions and is not necessarily associated with any one country |
| Feminism | the belief that women are equal to men and should have equal rights and opportunities |
| Secularization | The decline in the influence of religion in society |
| Phoneme | A basic unit of sound that distinguishes meaning in a language |
| Phonology | The study of sounds made in speech |
| Phones | Units of sound in a language |
| Morphemes | The smallest units of a language that convey meaning |
| Morphology | The study of mrphemes |
| Syntax | Rules for phrase and sentence construction in a language |
| Semantics | The meaning of words, phrases, and sentences |
| Lexicon | A vocabulary of words used within a specific language |
| Protolanguage | The parent language for many ancient and modern languages |
| Pragmatics | The rules of using language within a particular speech community |
| Kinesics | The study of body motion and gestures used in nonverbal communication |
| Proxemics | The study of how people in different societies perceive and use space |
Created by:
mstout
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