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module 12 A&P
Respiratory System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| bronchioles | small airways that lack supportive cartilage |
| alveoli | where gas exchange takes place |
| trachea | large tube supported by c-shaped rings of cartilage; often called the "windpipe" |
| pharynx | muscular tube commonly called the throat |
| carina | cartilaginous ridge at the end of the trachea |
| larynx | acts as the passageway between the pharynx and trachea; also produces sound |
| bronchi | large tubes (one for each lung) that serve as a passageway for air |
| hyperventilation | increased rate and depth of respirations resulting in lowered blood levels of carbon dioxide, often results from anxiety |
| apnea | temporary cessation of breathing |
| orthopnea | labored breathing that occurs when a person is lying flat but improves when standing or sitting up |
| dyspnea | labored or difficult breathing |
| what is the main muscle responsible for pulmonary ventilation? | diaphragm |
| which of the following is NOT a function of the larynx? | connects to the esophagus |
| A patient is experiencing low blood levels of oxygen. Which of the following processes are most likely to occur? | Peripheral chemoreceptors will detect the falling oxygen levels and send impulses to increase the rate and depth of breathing |
| If someone experiences a traumatic injury that punctures the thoracic wall, what will happen? | the lung will collapse |
| based on your knowledge of the anatomy of the lower respiratory tract, where is the most likely location for an aspirated (inhaled) piece of food to lodge and why? | the right bronchus, because it is slightly winder and more vertical than the left bronchus |
| what is the purpose of surfactant? | to reduce surface tension to keep the alveolus from collapsing during respiration |
| How is most of the carbon dioxide in the body transported? | Carried in the form of bicarbonate ioins |
| You notice that a patient's sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles are contracting with respirations. What should you conclude based on this observance? | The patient is using his accessory muscles to inhale |
| nasopharynx | lies just behind the soft palate. Contains openings for the Eustachian tubes |
| Oropharynx | Space between the soft palate and the base the tongue. Contains tonsils. |
| Laryngopharynx | Passes dorsal to the larynx and connects to the esophagus |
| lungs | right side has 3 lobes; left side has 2 lobes (room for heart) |
| differences in right and left bronchus... | right is slightly wider and more vertical than the left, making this the most likely location for aspirated food particles |
| why do the lung passages exist ? | to serve the alveoli |
| where does gas exchange occur? | in the alveoli |
| what are the alveoli wrapped in? | a fine mesh of capillaries |
| What must happen before gas can enter or leave a cell? | must be dissolved in a liquid |
| what does the fluid that is inside of each alveolus contain | surfactant |
| what is the purpose of surfactant? | helps reduce surface tension and keep the alveolus from collapsingas air moves in and out during respiration |
| plureural cavity | the small space between the visceral and parietal pleurae |
| diaphragm | |
| main muscle responsible for pulmonary ventilation | |
| external intercostals | muscles pull the ribs upward and outward |
| internal intercostals | help elevate the ribs; the diaphragm contracts, flattens, and drops |
| inspiratory center | primary respiratory center; contained in the medulla |
| pneumotaxic center | prevents lung overinflation |
| expiratory center | used for forceful exhalations; contained in the medulla |
| oxygen levels... | peripheral chemoreceptors detect low blood levels of oxygen and signal medulla to increase rate and depth of respirations to bring in more oxygen |
| atmospheric pressure... | drives respiration |
| factors that affect airflow | pulmonary compliance, alveolar surface tension |
| the inner surface of each alveoli is covered with a thin film of water, which... | is necessaary for gas exchange |
| tidal volume | amount of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing |
| inspiratory reserve volume | amount of air inhaled using maximum effort after a normal inspiration |
| apnea | temporary cessation of breathing |
| dyspnea | labored or difficult breathing |
| hyperventilation | increased rate and depth of respirations, resulting in lowered blood levels of carbon dioxide; often results from anxiety |
| orthopnea | labored breathing that occurs when a person is lying flat but improves when standing or sitting up; a classic symptom of left ventricular failure |
| the variations of WHAT allow the body to absorb oxygen and expel carbon dioxide | pressure |
| the primary regulator of respiration | carbon dioxide... not oxygen! |
| what forms in the lungs | oxyhemoglobin |
| % carried as bicarbonate ions | 70% |
Created by:
Ahowerton
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