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Bio Final 2nd
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is photosynthesis? | Plants use the sun to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high energy carbs- sugars and starches |
| Where does photosynthesis occur? | chloroplasts/leaves |
| Thylakoid: | saclike photosynthetic membranes where light dependent reactions occur |
| Stroma- | space outside of the thylakoids |
| Granum- | like stack of coins. It is a stack of thylakoids |
| Light dependent | Use energy from sunlight to produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen Takes place within thethylakoid membrane |
| Light independent Calvin Cycle: | Uses the ATP and NADPH from the light dependent reaction Makes high-energy sugars (glucose) Takes place in the stroma |
| How is energy passed from the sun to other organisms? What steps does it take? | Sun to producer to consumer |
| Photosynthesis Formula: | 6CO2 + 6H2O =light energy=> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
| Cell Respiration: | C6H12O6+ 6O2 =light energy=> 6CO2+ 6H2O |
| What are the three stages of Cellular respiration: | 1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs 3. Electron Transport |
| What step breaks down glucose? | Glycolysis |
| What happens to glucose in glycolysis? | Breaks down into the cytoplasm of the cell |
| Do plants go through cellular respiration? | yes |
| Where does the Krebs cycle occur at? | mitochondria |
| What is produced during the Krebs cycle that organisms released into the atmosphere? | oxygen |
| Where is the Electron Transport chain? | inner mitochondrial membrane |
| What molecule is formed as a byproduct after oxygen is accepts the hydrogen ion in the electron chain? | water |
| What is the aerobic respiration vs anaerobic respiration? | oxygen vs none |
| What two types of anaerobic respiration are there? | Fermentation and lactic acid fermentation |
| I f oxygen is not present why can't we just survive off fermentation? | It has 1/2 the energy |
| *** Be able to draw the flow of energy using producer, consumer, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, glucose, ATP, Oxygen, and Carbon | |
| What is a chromosome and what are they made of? | Chromatids and centromere |
| Chromatids | strands of dna |
| Centromere: | middle of a chromosome |
| Why does a cell need to divide? Why can't it become larger? | larger cells are to hard to move. |
| What does a cell need to overcome in order to divide? | Double organisms break the outside |
| Why does the nuclear membrane need to dissolve during mitosis? | so it can split |
| What are the 3 phases that happen before the M phase or Mitosis in the cell cycle? | H, S, H2 |
| What is PMAT? | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
| Prophase: | chromosome become visible |
| Metaphase: | chromosomes line up |
| Anaphase: | splitting of chromosomes |
| Telophase: | two different cells |
| What is cytokinesis? | cytoplasm expands |
| What is the end to Mitosis? | 2 cells |
| How many daughter cells at the end of meiosis? | 4 |
| How many chromosomes at the end of Meiosis? | 46 |
| Genetic info the same or different at the end of Mitosis? | same |
| What regulated the normal division of a cell and what goes wrong when cells become cancerous? | a cell divides over and over again to quickly creating a tumor |
| Where can you see mitosis at work in your body? Examples? | nails, skin, hair |
| Colchicine is a poison that causes spindle fibers to no longer form. If this poison was given to cells why would this be a problem? | you wouldn't be able to retain cells |
| What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis? | Mitosis is 2 of the same cells and Meiosis os 2 different cells |
| What type of cells does meiosis produce? | sex cells, gametes |
| Are all of your cells created as a result of meiosis? | nope |
| How many chromosomes do your sex cells (gametes) have? How many chromosomes do your somatic cells (all other cells other than gametes) have? | sex cells have 23 chromosomes all others have 46 |
| Why does it make sense that gametes only contain that number of chromosomes? | when men and female combine it is 46 chromosomes |
| Why are the sperm and egg cell so different from the rest of the body’s cells? If organisms can only inherit a single copy of a gene from each parent will replication or mitosis be enough? | |
| Who is the father of modern genetics and specifically what work did he do with pea plants? | Gregor Mendel |
| What is the human genome and why would figuring out the human genome be important? | To determine the sequence of DNA of a human, to understand the blueprint of a person |
| What are homologous chromosomes? | Homologous chromosomes have corresponding chromosomes that came from the male parent with those that come from the female parent. |
| What is the difference between haploid and diploid? | Diploid cells contain two complete sets of chromosomes and genes, while haploid cells only have one set of chromosomes. |
| At the start of meiosis is our cell diploid or haploid? | At the beginning, the cell is diploid. |
| At the end of meiosis are the 4 daughter cells diploid or haploid? | At the end, the four daughter daughter cells are haploid. |
| What is the principle of dominance? | The principle of dominance states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive. |
| These are 3 ways that result in genetic variety? | 1.crossing over 2.random fertilization 3. Independent assortment- individual traits sort independently. The trait for height does not depend on eye color. This is why we can do our Dihybrid crosses |
| What happens in the process of crossing over? | Crossing over is breeding two organisms with differing traits. |
| a. heredity: | the passing on of physical characteristics genetically from one generation to another |
| b. Allele: | different forms of a gene. For example, the length of hair gene could have long hair (H), or short hair (h) |
| c. Dominant: | when breeding, this trait masks the other trait. Example: long hair gene (H) |
| d. Recessive: | when breeding, if there is a dominant trait, this trait is masked. Ex: short hair gene (h) |
| e. Phenotype: | physical characteristics. Ex: long hair |
| f. Genotype: | genetic makeup. Ex: (HH), (Hh), or (hh) |
| g. Trait: | character is a feature of an organism or phenotype |
| i. Homozygous: | same allele for same trait; HH or hh |
| h. Heterozygous: | two different alleles for the same trait; Hh |
| What are sex chromosomes and how they determine an individual’s sex? | To determine if the organism is male or female. The XX (female) chromosome or the XY (male) chromosome |
| How/what genes are linked to sex chromosomes? | XX female; XY male |
| What makes organisms unique? | They all have different DNA sequences which results in different proteins and characteristics |
| Who is credited with describing the structure of DNA? (3 main people) | Franklin, Watson, and Crick |
| What are the base pairing rules for DNA? What are they for RNA? | DNA: A goes with T, G goes with C RNA: A goes with U, G goes with C |
| Why would DNA be in a spiral? Think about how much DNA we have and where it has to fit into? | To fit a large amount of stuff into a small space, all of the DNA in chromosomes |
| Describe the process of DNA replication and include complimentary strand, nitrogenous bases, DNA splits, identical DNA, enzyme unzips, DNA polymerase. | |
| Describe Transcription using RNA moves, nucleotides, DNA copied to RNA, DNA unzips | |
| Where does transcription occur? | Nucleus |
| Where does DNA replication occur? Why is it important to cells? | DNA replication occurs in the nucleus |
| Describe the process of translation/protein synthesis. Include the following: mRNA, tRNA, ribosome, amino acid, codon, anticodon, stop codon, start codon. | |
| Where does translation occur? At what organelle? | Ribosomes |
| What is the difference between DNA and RNA? Which has instructions for protein synthesis? | DNA: TA, GC; RNA: AU, GC |
| mRNA: | copies DNA and leaves the nucleus |
| tRNA: | during protein synthesis, transfers amino acid to the ribosomes for protein production |
| rRNA: | assembles proteins |
| Who was Charles Darwin and why was he so important for evolution? | Charles Darwin was a scientist who made observations and hypothesized about the way life changes over time. His hypothesis has become the theory of evolution. |
| What is the difference between natural and artificial selection? | In artificial selection, natural variation occurs, and humans breed organisms to get desired traits. In natural selection, natural variation occurs, and traits that help the organisms survive are passed on. |
| Describe what fitness is in regards to evolution. | The ability of an individual to survive and reproduce into in its specific environment. |
| Describe survival of the fittest in regards to evolution. | Whoever is the strongest, fastest, fittest is going to survive and reproduce and have their traits passed down |
| What 4 factors does the process of evolution result from? | 1. overpopulation 2. steady resources 3. variation 4. the organisms change along with the environment |
| Describe as many different types of evidence that can be used for evolution | 1. vestigial structures 2. geographic distribution 3. common ancestors 4. similar DNA 5. embryos |
| How does variation occur in populations? Why is it important? | based on the variation in alleles of genes in a gene pool. It occurs both within and among populations, supported by individual carriers of the variant genes. Genetic variation is brought about by random mutation |
| Describe what adaptation is. | is a trait with a current functional role in the life of an organism that is maintained and evolved by means of natural selection. |
| When finding fossils in rock layers which will be older? What is this called? | the lowest layer will be the oldest, relative dating |
| Know the different types of fossils. | mold, casts, and trace fossils |
| What would fossils of shells in the side of mountain suggest? | the mountain was once underwater |
| How can fossils be used to estimate the dates of other fossils? | relative dating |
| What is the difference between relative dating and radioactive dating? | Radioactive dating is using carbon to find the age of the fossils when relative is using the other layers of rock around it to give an estimate. Radioactive is more specific |
| Homologous structures: | an organ or bone that appears in different animals, underlining anatomical commonalities demonstrating descent from a common ancestor. |
| Vestigial structures: | an organism that is not of use for example: the human appendix |
| Describe how embryological evidence can be used to support evolutionary relationships. | An embryo is an unborn animal or human young in its earliest phases they look very similar and it is often difficult to tell them apart. This shows that they develop similarly, implying that they are related, and have common ancestor |
| Describe how you can use a comparison of the amount of similar DNA bases/proteins to explain evolutionary relationships. | strands of DNA -- or RNA or proteins -- that exhibit homologous sequences, or sequences with similar genes on them. They then sequence the genes, looking for similarities and differences.the more the similarities the more common ancestors |
| What is the geologic time scale and how has relative and radioactive dating helped to figure it out? | is a system of chronological measurement that relates stratigraphy to time, and is used by geologists, paleontologists, and other Earth scientists to describe the timing and relationships between events that have occurred throughout Earth's history. |
| What is the geographic distribution of living species and how does it support Darwin’s theory of evolution? | when organisms are very similar but live in different countries or even continents |
| Explain how evolution works on populations and not just on an individual. | if it was just an individual it would just be a mutation |
| What did Hutton and Lyell, Lamarck, and Malthus contribute to helping Darwin figure out his theory of evolution? | Lamarck believed that if an organism gained a trait or talent that that could be passed down. Hutton believed that |
| What role does mutation play in evolution? | Mutations occur and if they're beneficial, they live on and thus allows the species to evolve from it's previous state. If they're hindering, that member of the species dies and doesn't contaminate the gene pool. |
| In our Whale evolution lab explain, using natural selection, how a whale went from a 4 legged mammal to a marine mammal. What had to happen for it to make this switch? | The blowhole moved, the legs shrunk until they were not visible, whales had hair, |
| How does a change in the environment possibly lead to evolution? | It can cause a mutation and that mutation can be beneficial and it can not. If it isn't it will die off |
| **** Know the bones and joints | |
| Neuron: | a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell |
| Stimulus/response: | causes an action or response, like the ringing of your alarm clock if you didn't sleep through it |
| Synapse: | a junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter |
| Reflex arc: | the nerve pathway involved in a reflex action including at its simplest a sensory nerve and a motor nerve with a synapse between |
| Cerebellum | the part of the brain at the back of the skull in vertebrates. Its function is to coordinate and regulate muscular activity. |
| Brain Stem(medulla oblongata): | the central trunk of the mammalian brain, consisting of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain, and continuing downward to form the spinal cord |
| Cerebrum: | integration of complex sensory and neural functions and the initiation and coordination of voluntary activity in the body. |
| Frontal: | concerned with behavior, learning, personality, and voluntary movement, reasoning, planning, speech, smell |
| Temporal: | deciphers sounds, controls memorise, language meaning, helps w/ senses |
| parietal: | Touch, pressure, pain, calculating, reading, attention, senses that are not smell |
| occipital: | visual images |
| Brian Problems: | Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, stroke, tumors/abscesses, paralysis 3 types (1. hemiplegic: brain injury half their body 2. Paraplegic: lower half spinal injury 3. Avadtipliecic: spinal injury all of your limbs |
| What is the difference between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system | PNS contains the nerves, which leave the brain and the spinal cord and travel to certain areas of the body. The peripheral nervous system's main job is to send information gathered by the body's sensory receptors to the CNS as quickly as possible. |
| What cells are involved when a broken bone heals (two main ones) | chondroblasts and osteoblasts that are essential to the healing of bone |
| Cartilage: | firm, whitish, flexible connective tissue |
| Ligament: | a short band of tough, flexible, fibrous connective tissue that connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint |
| Spongy Bone: | the spicules form a latticework, with interstices filled with embryonic connective tissue or bone marrow. |
| Compact Bone: | The compact noncancellous portion of bone that consists largely of concentric lamellar osteons and interstitial lamellae |
| Periosteum: | a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints |
| Osteoclasts: | a large multinucleate bone cell that absorbs bone tissue during growth and healing |
| Osteoblasts: | a cell that secretes the matrix for bone formation |
| Tendons: | a flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to a bone |
| Skeletal muscles: | a muscle that is connected to the skeleton to form part of the mechanical system that moves the limbs and other parts of the body. |
| Smooth muscles: | muscle tissue in which the contractile fibrils are not highly ordered, occurring in the gut and other internal organs and not under voluntary control. |
| Cardiac muscle: | the muscular tissue of the heart. |
| Muscle tone: | The muscle in a steady partially contracted state caused by the successive flow of nerve impulses. The amount of tension or resistance to movement in a muscle. |
| Are bones living or nonliving? | Living |
| What are the different kinds of marrow? How are they different? | Yellow Marrow: long part of the bone, mostly fatty. Red Marrow: in the spongy bone and many flat bones, makes new red blood cells, platelets and mostly white blood cells |
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alexs13
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