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Chapter 9-16
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Wave Length | distance between wave crest |
Frequency | Number of waves passing per second |
Velocity | All electromagnetic waves traveling at the same speed |
Photons | Wave packet of Energy |
Electron Orbital | Region of space around a nucleus of an atom within which there is 90% probability of finding an electron |
Orbital | Specific Region of space inside a sublevel |
Core electrons | electrons in inner energy level |
valence electrons | electrons in outer sublevel |
bond | the force that holds two or more atoms together and makes them function as a unit |
bond energy | the energy required to break a given chemical bond |
ionic bonds | the attraction between oppositly charged ions |
ionic compound | a compound that results when a metal reacts with a nonmetal to form cations and anions |
covalent bond | type of bond in which atoms share electrons |
polar covalent | the electron are not shred equally because one atom attracts the shared electrons more than one atom |
electronegativity | the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons to itself |
dipole moment | property of a molecule in which the charge distribution can be represented by a center of positive charge and a center of negative charge |
Lewis Structure | representation of a molecule or polyatomic ion showing how valence are arranged among the atoms in the molecule or ion |
bond pair | a pair of electrons that are shared between two atoms forming a covalent or polar covalent bond |
lone pair | electron pairs in a Lewis Structure that are not involved in bonding |
single bond | a bond in which one pair of electrons is shared by two atoms |
double bond | two pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms |
triple bond | three pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms |
resonance | a condition occurring when more than one valid Lewis structure can be written for a particular molecule |
solution | homogenous mixture that does not settle |
alloy | solid mixture with another solid |
liquid solution | solid, liquid, or gas mixed in with another liquid |
gaseous solution | solid, liquid, or gas mixed in with a gas |
aqueous solution | liquid solution in which water is the main component |
solvent | part present in the largest amount |
solute | component present in the lesser amount |
dilute | small amount of solute in mixture |
concentrated | large amount of solute |
unsaturated | less than the maximum amount |
saturated | maximum amount of solute |
supersaturated | more than the maximum amount of solute is dissolved in solution |
soluability | maximum number of grams of solute per 100g or 100mL of water at a given temperature |
molarity | concentration of solution involving moles |
dilution | the process of adding the solvent to a solution to lower the concentration of solute |
equivalents of an acid | amount of acid that can furnish one mole of hydrogen ions |
equivalents of a base | amount of base that can furnish one mole of hydroxide ions |
normality | number of equivalents per 1 L of solution |
colligative property | property that is dependent only on the number of solute particles in solution |
boiling point elevation | adding more solute to a solution will increase the boiling point of the solution |
acid | proton donor (H+) |
base | proton acceptor |
hydronium ion | H3O ion formed when an acid is added to water |
conjugate acid | substance formed when a proton is added to a base |
conjugate base | remaining substance when a proton is lost from an acid |
oxyacid | an acid in which the acidic hydrogen is attached to an oxygen atom |
organic acid | acid with a carbon atom |
amphoteric | substance that can act as both an acid and base |