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A&P 1
Lymphatic System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| immunity | capacity to resist disease |
| antigen | foreign substance |
| what does immunity provide protection from? | pathogenic diseases "bug" (bacterial, viral, fungal etc), toxins, cancers |
| lymphatic vessels | lymphatics |
| fluid | lymph |
| cells | lymphocytes, phagocytes, leukocytes etc |
| lymphoid tissue & organs | spleen, lymph nodes |
| what happens in lymph tissues and organs? | maturation of immune cells, filter of all bad stuff out |
| functions of lymphoid system | regulate lymphocytes, filter clean up of lymph fluid, return fluid and solutes to blood |
| where does fluid return to after it's been filtered? | to the blood through the subclavian veins/ upper chest |
| what percentage of fluid makes it back into the capillary? | 90% |
| what happens to the rest of the fluid that does not go back into the capillary? | 10% goes back into the lymphatic vessels? |
| which direction does the lymph flow? | from left to right |
| what happens if the fluid tries to go the other direction? | if fluid tries to flow from right to left, the capillary or vessel will close to push it back into the right direction (Chinese finger trap) |
| what do the valves do? | allows unidirectional flow and prevents back flow |
| does anything else in the body have the same sort of valve system? | yes, the veins |
| right lymphatic duct | brings fluid from Right part then brings it back. (right side of head neck arm and chest) |
| Thoracic duct | brings fluid from the rest of the body that the Right duct does not filter. |
| when fluid goes back into subclavian veins and upper chest, where does it head next? | the heart, to filter into the blood |
| how many classes of lymphocytes? | 3: TCells, BCells, NK Cells |
| T Cells | Thymus dependent (in order to mature) |
| B Cells | Bone Marrow derived (although all cells come from marrow) |
| NK Cells | natural killer cells |
| 2 kinds of leukocytes | Granulocytes and agranulocytes |
| 3 granulocytes | neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils |
| what does agranulocytes mean? | no granules |
| complement` | soluble protein |
| name the innate immunity cells | granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils), macrophages, complement |
| name the adaptive cells | lymphocytes (T Cells, B Cells, NK Cells) |
| which cell is the QB? | T Cell (CD4+ T Helper) |
| what kills the T Cell (CD4+ T Helper) | HIV |
| thymus | organ that sits on top of heart, used for maturation of T Cells, hormone thymosin |
| where do the T Cells go to be "educated" to recognize enemies? | thymus |
| spleen function | blood cleaning, removal of old blood cells, iron storage, initiation of lymphocyte maturation |
| complement system | soluble protein from blood that stick to membrane and puncture membrane until it dies. |
| adaptive immunity | won't work until after it's been exposed, certain T Cells can attack certain antigens, have specialized memory |
| innate immunity | ready to work right away and extremely general cells |
| Immune Response 1st exposure | (several weeks) immune system reacts (bot B and T Cells), fights disease, creates memory |
| Immune Response 2nd exposure | (days) memory cells react faster/stronger, no signs or symptoms, no disease |
| antibodies have what kind of shape? | a Y shape |
| IgG | 2nd response, milk |
| IgA | sweat, mucous (sucks) (2 Y's on top of one another shape) |
| IgE | allergies |
| IgM | primary response (5 Y shape) |
| IgD | B Cell activation/regulation |
| acquired/adaptive immunity goes to which two steps next? | active immunity (produced by antibodies developed in response to antigens/immune response) or passive immunity (produced by transfer of antibodies from another person |
| in Active Immunity, which two possibilities could it be? | naturally acquired active immunity (a cold/virus) or Induced active immunity (vaccinations) |
| In Passive Immunity which two possibilities could it be? | naturally acquired passive immunity (breast milk or placenta) or induced passive immunity (plasma ) |
| does innate immunity have any directions it can go? | no-genetically determined no prior exposure |
| immunogen | molecule that induces and immune response |
| antigen | molecule that induces body to make antibodies |
| allergen | molecule that induces and allergic reaction or hypersensitivity |
| allergies | excessive immune response to an antigen |
| how many types of allergies | 4 |
| type I allergy | most common |
| what is Type I allergy mediated by? | basophil mast cells, IgE |
| How does a Basophil Cell act like a grenade? | inside it is grainy, and eventually releases the grain (histamine) after it is primed with antibodies. when allergy reaches cell, the cell will explode (degranulation) releasing the histamine and now you suffer from an allergy |
| which cells create the IgE? | B Cells |
| are you allergic to cat dander the first time you are exposed? | no, your body will not realize there is an allergy until it gets exposed to the dander, then when you see cats again the body remembers and increases production of IgE which will stick to the basophil cells. |
| T Cell and Nk Cell functions | immune control/regulation, cytotoxic response (cell-mediated immunity) cells directly kill other things |
| B Cells | secrete antibodies (humoral immunity) |
| which cells can dissolve in the blood | B Cells |
| apoptosis | cell commits suicide |
| Lymph nodes | are an areolar tissue with densely packed lymphocytes |
| what can be said about the ways in and out of lymph node | many ways in, one way out |
| what two things can be said about the structure of a lymph node? | trabeculae shape, and a helium (centered location of an artery/vein) |
| distribution of lymphoid nodules | Lymph node, spleen, respiratory tract (tonsils), along digestive/urinary tract |
| what are the 3 types of tonsils and their positioning? | top tonsil-pharyngeal, middle tonsil-palatine, bottom tonsil-lingual |
Created by:
purplepurn
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