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Mammals as Consumers
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Absorption | The process by which the products of digestion are transferred into the body's internal environment, enabling them to reach the cells. (Movement of nutrients from small intestine to blood capillaries.) |
| Aerobic Respiration | This type of respiration needs oxygen for it to occur. |
| Alimentary Tract | The passage through which food passes including the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, intestines, and anus |
| Amino Acids | What proteins are made up of and what proteins turn into when they are digested. |
| Anaerobic Respiration | This type of respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen |
| Anus | The opening at the end of the digestive system from which faeces (waste) exits the body. |
| Appendix | A small sac located on the caecum. Humans do not use it but is thought to digest plant material as primates. A human equivalent of a caecum. |
| Arteries | Muscular-walled blood vessels forming part of the circulation system by which blood (mainly which has been oxygenated) is moved from the heart to all parts of the body. |
| Assimilation | The process whereby absorbed nutrients are converted into the body tissues / used by the body |
| Bacteria | Microbes that are killed by acids in the stomach |
| Bile | A greenish-brown Alkaline fluid that aids digestion by emulsifying (breaking down) fats and is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder |
| Bile duct | Bile goes out here, joins up with pancreatic duct and goes into the duodenum |
| Blood | Carries absorbed food molecules away from the small intestine |
| Blood stream | The flow of blood through the circulatory system of an organism |
| Blood vessels | A tube that circulates blood around the body such as an artery, a vein, or a capillary. |
| Bolus | Small lump of lubricated, chewed food in the oesophagus |
| Buccal cavity | Mouth and teeth |
| Caecum | Blind pouch that is connected to the large intestine between the ileum and the colon. |
| Capillaries | The smallest blood vessels in the body, connecting the smallest arteries to the smallest veins |
| Canines | Teeth used for tearing |
| Carbohydrates | Made of glucose, e.g starch, sucrose, cellulose that provide the body with energy |
| Chemical Digestion | Type of digestion that involves the breaking down of food by enzymes and chemicals. |
| Chyme | Food in the stomach that is partly digested and mixed with stomach acids. Goes on to the small intestine for further digestion |
| Colon | The part of the large intestine extending from the end of the small intestine to the rectum |
| Consumer | An organism that cannot make its own food and feeds off other organisms |
| Digestion | The process of breaking down food by mechanical and chemical action into substances that can be absorbed |
| Duodenum | The 1st part of the small intestine between the stomach and the jejunum The bile duct and pancreatic duct are found here. Emulsification of lipids by bile takes place here. Lipase -liquids into fatty acids and glycerol. Amylase- Carbohydrates into glucose |
| Egestion | The removal of undigested waste products from the digestive system |
| Emulsification | Process to describe the way in which bile breaks fats into small droplets |
| Enamel | Hard substance that covers the crown of the tooth |
| Enzymes | Proteins that speed up chemical reactions, build up or breakdown substances. Usually words ending with "ase" (amylase, protease, lipase) |
| Fibre | The parts of fruits and vegetables that cannot be digested. Is of vital importance to digestion; it helps the body move food through the digestive tract. |
| Food | Any substance consumes to provide nutritional support for the body. It is usually of plant or animal origin, and contains essential nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. |
| Gall Bladder | Stores bile |
| Glucose | Make up of carbohydrates. Stored as glycogen |
| Heart | Muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the blood vessels to various parts of the body by repeated, rhythmic contractions |
| Hydrochloric Acid | Type of acid in the stomach |
| Ileum | The last part of the small intestine before the large intestine begins. Between the duodenum and the caecum |
| Incisors | A narrow edged tooth at the front of the mouth, adapted for cutting. |
| Ingestion | The process of taking food into the body through the mouth |
| Lacteal | A lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine |
| Large Intestine | Last section of intestinal tract: the end section of the alimentary canal reaching from ileum to anus and consisting of the cecum, colon, and rectum. Its function is to extract water and form faeces. |
| Lipase | The enzyme which digests fats into fatty acids and glycerol |
| Lipids | Made of fatty acids and glycerol molecules. Broken down by the enzyme lipase. |
| Liver | Large organ which breaks down poisons and produces bile |
| Lungs | A pair of large, spongy organs involved in the gas exchange between our blood and air. (Oxygen and Carbon dioxide) |
| Lymph | The fluid that circulates throughout the lymphatic system. Carries white blood cells. |
| Lymphatic System | The interconnected system of spaces and vessels between body tissues and organs by which lymph circulates throughout the body. The vessels of the lymphatic system drain excess fluid , called lymph from the tissues and return it to the circulating blood. |
| Maltase | An enzyme present in saliva and pancreatic juice which catalyses the breakdown of maltose and similar sugars to form glucose |
| Mammal | Warm blooded vertebrates that feed their young milk and have hair or fur. |
| Mastication | The chewing of food by teeth to crush and grind. The first step of digestion, it increases the surface area of foods to allow more efficient breakdown of enzymes. |
| Mechanical Digestion | The type of digestion carried out in the stomach when the muscular wall contracts and churns up the food |
| Minerals | Substances that are important in keeping bodies healthy, e.g calcium, magnesium. |
| Molars | Teeth used for grinding |
| Mouth | The first part of the digestive system where food enters the body. Chewing and salivary enzymes are the beginning of the digestive process |
| Nutrients | Substances that provide nourishment essential for growth and the maintenance of life |
| Oesophagus | The long tube between the mouth and the stomach. It uses rhythmic muscle movements (called peristalsis) to force food from the throat into the stomach |
| Pancreas | Produces lipase, proteases and amylase that help in the digestion of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the small intestine. |
| Pancreas duct | The tube that leads from the pancreas joining the pancreas to the bile duct |
| Pepsin | Enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach |
| Peristalsis | Wave of muscular contractions which pushes a bolus of food down the digestive tract |
| pH | Measures how acidic or basic a substance is |
| Physical Digestion | Type of digestion that involves the breakdown of food by chewing and muscular contractions |
| Piloric schincter | A ring of smooth muscle fibers around the opening of the stomach into the duodenum |
| Plasma | The part of the blood which contains food molecules |
| Peptide | Short chains of amino acids |
| Polypeptides | A long continuous and un-branched peptide chain/chain of amino acids |
| Proteins | Made up of Amino acids broken down by the proteases (pespin/trypsin) in the stomach |
| Protease | The type of enzyme secreted by the stomach wall that breaks down proteins and peptides |
| Rectum | The lower part of the large intestine where faeces are stored before they are excreted |
| Respiration | The process of releasing energy from the breakdown of glucose. Respiration takes place in every living cell all of the time. All cells need to respire in order to produce the energy that they require. |
| Saliva | Lubricates food and chemically digests it in the mouth |
| Salivary Amylase | Enzyme which converts starch into maltose (two glucose molecule joined together) |
| Salivary glands | Glands located in the mouth that produce saliva which contains amylase. |
| Secrete | To produce and release a substance, Used when referring to glands and cells |
| Small intestine | Where food is broken down into small enough particles to be absorbed into the blood. Made up of the Duodenim and the ileum |
| Stomach | A sack like muscular organ that is attached to the oesophagus. Both chemical and mechanical digestion takes place here, When food enters, it is churned into a bath of acids and enzymes. Has a pH of 2 |
| Teeth | Mechanically digests food |
| Trypsin | Enzyme produced by the pancreas that breaks down proteins into smaller units |
| Veins | Blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart. Most carry deoxygenated blood. |
| Villi | Structure/finger like projections in the small intestine which increase the surface area for absorption |
| Vitamins | An organic compound required by an organism as a vital nutrient in limited amounts |
| Water | Liquid that forms the major part of the fluids of living things |
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