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Biology EOC Review
Review of all concepts covered during Biology 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is meiosis? | Creation of sex cells |
| How many female gametes are made during meiosis? | 1 egg and 3 polar bodies |
| What is the production of male gametes called? | Spermatogenesis |
| What is the production of female gametes called? | Oogenesis |
| What type of cells (haploid or diploid) are made in meiosis? | haploid |
| Who was Mendel? | Austrian Monk, Father of genetics |
| Determine of the following is phenotype or genotype: hair color | phenotype |
| Determine of the following is phenotype or genotype: homozygous dominant | genotype |
| Determine of the following is phenotype or genotype: brown eyes | phenotype |
| Determine of the following is phenotype or genotype: Bb | genotype |
| Determine of the following is phenotype or genotype: Cc | genotype |
| Determine of the following is phenotype or genotype: skin color | phenotype |
| What is phenotype? | The observable part of the trait-- What it looks like |
| What is genotype? | The genes themselves-- represented by the letters |
| On which chromosomes do sex linked traits generally occur? | X |
| What sex chromosomes do men have? | XY |
| What sex chromosomes do women have? | XX |
| Define polygenic traits. | Traits that have multiple genes coding for one trait- Ex. BbGgHh |
| How can we tell the difference between men and women on a pedigree? | Women are circles, men are squares |
| How can we determine if someone has a specific trait by reading a pedigree? | Their shape is filled/shaded in |
| How can we determine if a trait is dominant or recessive by reading a pedigree? | As a general rule, if the offspring has it, but the parents don't, then it is recessive. |
| What type of covalent bond shares electrons unequally? | Polar (remember- Polar bears are greedy) |
| What type of bond contains a metal and a nonmetal? | Ionic |
| What is the charge of a proton? | positive |
| What is the charge of a neutron? | neutral |
| What type of element is carbon? | nonmetal |
| What type of element is potassium | metal |
| What type of bond contains 2 nonmetals | covalent |
| How many protons does an oxygen atom have? | 8 |
| If a bond formed between sodium and chloride, what type of bond would it be? | Ionic Na- metal, Cl- nonmetal |
| the pH of a very strong acid would be ____. | low on the pH scale |
| the pH scale ranges from _____. | 0-14 |
| What type of macromolecule contains monomers of fatty acids? | lipids |
| What type of monomers do proteins contain? | amino acids |
| What type of macromolecule contains nucleotides as monomers? | nucleic acids |
| a monosaccharide is a monomer of what type of macromolecule? | carbohydrates |
| What do carbohydrates do for the body? | they are broken down for energy |
| What type of macromolecule builds and repairs body tissues? | proteins |
| This type of macromolecule stores energy | lipids |
| What do nucleic acids do for the body? | store genetic information |
| What is an example of a nucleic acid? | DNA/RNA |
| An enzyme is an example of which type of macromolecule? | protein |
| What do enzymes do? | speed up the rate of reaction (catalysts) |
| What is a catalyst? | speeds up the reaction rate |
| What is an ion? | an atom with a different number of electrons |
| a very strong base would be | high on the pH scale |
| What is an isotope? | an atom with a different number of neutrons |
| Saturated fats are named because they are saturated with ___? | Hydrogens |
| Sugars are an example of what type of macromolecule? | carbohydrates |
| which are less healthy- saturated or unsaturated fats? Why | saturated because they stack, which makes them solids at room temperature- come from animals |
| What is the function of a centriole? | aid in cell replication |
| what is the function of a mitochondrion? | produce energy |
| what is the function of a chloroplast? | help in photosynthesis |
| what is the function of a ribosome? | make proteins |
| what is the function of a golgi body? | package and distribute |
| what type of transport uses energy?/ | Active |
| Facilitated diffusion is active/passive transport | passive |
| what are the three parts of the cell theory? | all things are made of cells cells come from other cells nothing smaller than a cell is living |
| What did Schwann do? | said animals are cells |
| What did Schleiden do? | said plants are cells |
| What did Leewenhoek do? | Invented the modern microscope |
| Why is the cell membrane called the fluid mosaic model? | fluid- moves mosaic- made of different things |
| What two parts make up a phospholipid? | 1 phosphate and 2 lipids |
| What part of the phospholipid repels water? | lipid |
| What part of the phospholipid attracts water? | phosphate |
| If you submerge an animal cell in a solution that is hypertonic, what direction will water move? | out of the cell |
| If you submerge a cell in a solution that is hypotonic, what direction will the water move? | into the cell |
| What is isotonic? | equal amounts of solute and water |
| What are 2 differences between a plant and animal cell | Plant cells have large central vacuole, cell wall, and chloroplasts |
| What are 2 differences between a eukaryote and prokaryotic cell? | Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles Prokaryotes are small, no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles and have circular DNA |
| What do cilia do? | help the cell move |
| What is the difference between osmosis and diffusion? | osmosis is the diffusion of water through a membrane |
| Passive transport moves with/against the concentration gradient | with |
| active transport moves with/against the concentration gradient | against |
| diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion move water from a ___ concentration to a ___ concentration. | high to low |
| What does the rough ER do? | transport proteins |
| A glucose molecule must enter the cell through facilitated diffusion. This means it must use a ____ to get into the cell | protein |
| What type of cell signal to nerves use? | electrical |
| What are the steps of the Scientific Method? | Make an observation Form a hypothesis Conduct an experiment Draw a conclusion |
| What is a control? | Something you don’t affect in the experiment Ex. When doing an experiment that looks at how amount of fertilizer affects plant growth, your control would be a plant with NO fertilizer |
| What is a testable explanation for a question called? | hypothesis |
| What are variables? | Variables are the parts of an experiment being tested or changed. |
| What is the difference between the independent and dependent variables? | Independent is what you are changing. Ex: Amount of fertilizer Dependent changes based on the independent. Ex: plant growth Remember, dependent is usually the outcome that you are looking for |
| Name the piece of equipment or process used to measure mass | balance |
| Name the piece of equipment or process used to measure volume of a regular shape | graduated cylinder or Volume=Lenght X Width X Height |
| Name the piece of equipment or process used to measure volume of an irregular shape and liquid volume | graduated cylinder- fill the graduated cylinder with water, place the object in the water, measure the change in the water level |
| Name the piece of equipment or process used to measure temperature | thermometer |
| What are the metric prefixes and what do they mean? | Kilo- X 1000 Hecta- X100 Deca- X10 Base- meter, liter, gram - X1 Deci- / 10 Centi- / 100 Mili- / 1000 |
| What are the three graph types? | Line graph, bar graph, pie-chart/circle-graph |
| When is it appropriate to use a line graph? | when you are measuring change over time |
| When is it appropriate to use a bar graph? | When you are comparing variables |
| When is it appropriate to use a pie chart? | When you are measuring parts of a whole or percentages |
| What are some appropriate behaviors for demonstrating lab safety? | wear goggles, don't wear loose clothing, wear closed toed shoes, don't horse-play in the lab, tie your hair back if you have long hair, follow all directions given by your teacher |
| What are the main tenets of the cell theory? | Cells are the basic unit of life Cells come from existing cells All organisms are composed of cells |
| What is the function of the nucleus | contains DNA and controls cells’ actions |
| What is the function of the mitochondria | provides cell's energy, involved in cell respiration |
| What is the function of the chloroplasts | absorb sun, site of photosynthesis |
| What is the function of the lysosomes | break down waste using enzymes |
| What is the function of the vacuoles | storage |
| What is the function of the ribosomes | make proteins |
| What is the function of the ER | transports either lipids and proteins |
| What is the function of the golgi apparatus | packaging and distribution |
| What is the function of the cilia/flagella | movement |
| What is the function of the cell membrane | lets things in and out of the cell |
| What is the function of the nuclear membrane | holds DNA in nucleus |
| What is the function of the cell wall | stucture |
| What is the function of the cytoplasm | suport |
| What are the major components of a prokaryotic cell? | no nucleus, ribosomes are only organelle, small, circular DNA |
| What are the major components of eukaryotic cell? | nucleus, lots of organelles, linear DNA |
| What process results in cellular reproduction? | mitosis |
| What is cellular differentiation? | cells becoming their specific jobs |
| What is the relationship between cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems? | cells form tissues, which form organs, which form organ systems |
| Do all cells in an organism have the same DNA? | Yes, unless it has mutated |
| What are stem cells? | Stem cells are cells that can either replicate themselves or become almost any other type of cell |
| What is the difference between embryonic and adult stem cells? | embyronic stem cells can change into literally anything, adult stem cells can only turn into certain things- they're limited |
| What is homeostasis? | Keeping everything the same |
| What controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell? | cell membrane |
| What does semipermeable mean? | Lets some things in, not others |
| What is the difference between passive and active transport? | passive, doesn't need energy active does need energy |
| What does semipermeable mean? | Lets some things in, not others |
| What is a transport protein used for? | Facilitated diffusion- to get stuff too big to go through cell membrane into cell |
| What is endocytosis | stuff coming into the cell via vesicles- phagocytosis, pinocytosis |
| What is exocytosis | disposal of waste |
| What are the steps of mitosis | prophase metaphase anaphase telophase |
| What are the steps interphase | G1 S G2 |
| What happens in prophase | DNA condenses to form chromosomes |
| What happens in metaphase | chromosomes line up in the center |
| What happens in anaphase | chromosomes are pulled apart |
| What happens in telophase | Cleavage furrow begins to form and nuclear membranes begin to reform around chromosomes |
| What happens in G1 of interphase? | Transcription and translation occur |
| What happens in S phase interphase | DNA is replicated |
| What happens in G2 of interphase | rapid cell growth |
| What stage do cells spend most of their time in? | interphase |
| How are enzymes and activation energy related? | Enzymes lower activation energy |
| What is the purpose of photosynthesis? | To take energy from the sun to make glucose (which is broken down to provide energy) |
| What are the two stages of photosynthesis? | light reaction and dark reaction/Calvin cycle |
| What happens in the light reaction? | happens in thylakoid, makes ATP, NADH and O2 |
| What happens in dark reaction? | Occurs in stroma, uses ATP and NADH to make glucose |
| What is the overall equation for photosynthesis? | 6CO2 + 6H2O → 6O2 + C6H12O6 |
| What types of cells undergo cellular respiration? | Eukaryotic- both plant and animal cells |
| What is ATP? | Adenosine tri-phosphate Chemical energy source |
| What is the overall equation for cellular respiration? | 6O2 + C6H12O6 →6CO2 + 6H2O Remember, since Oxygen is involved, this is aerobic respiration! |
| What are the stages of cellular respiration? | aerobic and anaerobic |
| What happens in anaerobic respiration? | 1. glycolysis 2. fermentation |
| What happens in glycolysis? | It is the cutting of glucose that happens in the cytoplasm Produces 2ATP, 2 Pyruvate (3 Carbon molecule), and NADH |
| What are the two types of fermentation? | Lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation |
| What is the product of lactic acid fermentation? | Lactic acid |
| What are the products of alcoholic fermentation? | produces CO2 and ethanol |
| What are the steps of aerobic respiration? | 1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle 3. ETC |
| What happens in the Krebs Cycle? | occurs in mitochondria, breaks the pyruvate down into 2 ATP, NADH and FADH2 |
| What happens in the ETC? | occurs in mitochondria, takes NADH and FADH2 and makes 32 ATP by sending the hydrogen electrons back and forth across the mitochondria membrane |
| How does oxygen affect the path of cellular respiration? | If oxygen isn’t present, only glycolysis and fermentation happen. If oxygen is present, glycolysis goes to Krebs then ETC (electron transport chain) |
| How much energy comes from one glucose molecule? | 36-38 ATP |
| What is the ATP-ADP cycle? | When ATP is used, turns into ADP (pops off that last phosphate) When energy is gained, ADP is turned back into ATP (put the phosphate back on) |
| What makes a molecule organic? | Contains Carbon |
| What is caloric value? | The energy needed to heat one gram of water one degree Celsius |
| What are the building blocks of proteins? | Amino acid |
| What are the monomers of carbohydrates and lipids? | Carbohydrates- monosaccharides Lipids- fatty acids |
| Which macromolecules are most and least preferred for energy | Most- Carbohydrates Least- Nucleic Acids |
| What do carbohydrates do? | Carbohydrates- broken down to provide energy |
| What do lipids do? | Lipids- insulation and energy storage |
| Starting with algae and ending with a shark, describe the flow of energy through a food chain. | Algae, fish, bigger fish, shark ☺ |
| Place these in the proper order: secondary consumer, producer, primary consumer. | Producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer |
| What is the difference between a food chain and a food web? | Food chain- straight line, doesn’t show all relationships Food web- shows all relationships possible- looks like spider web |
| How much energy is lost as energy passes through each trophic level? | Approximately 10% |
| What is the difference between an autotroph and heterotroph? | Autotroph makes its own food Heterotroph gets food by breaking down another organism |
| What are carnivores? | Eat consumers/consume meat |
| What are omnivores? | Eat consumers or producers |
| What are detritivores? | eats decaying matter- consumer |
| What are decomposers? | Type of detritivore, breaks down decaying matter |
| What are nucleic acids? | store genetic information |
| What are their three components? | sugar, phosphate, nucleotide base |
| What are three differences between DNA and RNA? | RNA- 1 stranded, DNA- 2 stranded Location- DNA stays in nucleus, RNA can be found in nucleus or at ribosome Uracil is found in RNA, thymine is found in DNA |
| What is the relationship between DNA, and gene, and a chromosome? | DNA makes up a chromosome (chromosome is tightly packed DNA) Gene is sections of the DNA |
| What are the base pair rules? | A=T, C=G |
| What does DNA code for? | DNA codes for proteins and traits |
| How many chromosome pairs do humans have? | 23 pairs |
| How many chromosomes are sex and how many are autosomal? | 22 pairs autosomes, 1 pair sex chromosome |
| Why is DNA replication semiconservative? | It keeps half semi means half/part conservative means keep Each new strand of DNA is half of the old, original strand, half new strand |
| What is the relationship between transcription and translation? | Transcription is the making of the mRNA Translation is the reading of the mRNA to make proteins |
| What are the three types of RNA? | mRNA, tRNA, rRNA |
| What is the DNA complement to the strand AGTAACTTAG? | DNA- TCATTGAATC |
| What is the RNA complement AGTAACTTAG? | RNA- UCAUUGAAUC |
| What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis? | Mitosis- body cells, only one cell division, resulting cells are diploid Meiosis- sex cells, 2 cell divisions, resulting cells are haploid |
| What are Mendel’s three laws of genetics and what do these mean? | Law of dominance- one allele is dominant to the other Law of segregation- you get half your genes from mom, half from dad Law of independent assortment- genes sort independently from one another, meaning your height doesn’t influence your hair color |
| What is an allele? | The possible forms of the genes, represented by letters |
| How does a Punnett square predict genetic crosses? | Predicts all possible outcomes by crossing each individual allele |
| What is the difference between the terms diploid and haploid? | Diploid- 2n, total number of chromosomes in pairs (23 pairs, your diploid number is 46)- body cells Haploid- n, single chromosomes, half the diploid number- only in sex cells/gametes |
| What is incomplete dominance? | blending (both traits dominant) red and white make pink |
| What is codominance? | potting (both still dominant) red and white make red-and-white-spots |
| What are multiple alleles? | When multiple alleles code for one trait |
| What is polygenic inheritance? | Multiple genes code for one trait – ex. Height, eye color, hair color |
| What is sex-linked inheritance? | Sex-linked traits- linked to sex chromosomes- usually sits on X chromosome, when doing Punnett squares, make sure you’re crossing XX and XY Makes- XrY have it, XY normal Females- XrX are carrier, XrXr have it, show symptoms, XX normal |
| What are linked genes? | Linked genes are genes that are linked on a chromosome (next to one another) |
| How does crossing over separate linked genes? | Crossing over separates linked genes because it literally breaks off pieces of the chromosome and attaches it to another one. |
| What does a pedigree show? | Family tree with traits |
| What shape is a female in a pedigree | circle |
| What shape is a male in a pedigree | square |
| How do you tell if a person has the specific trait in a pedigree? | They're filled in |
| What is a mutation? | change in the DNA |
| What is a mutagen? | causes a mutation |
| What is evolution? | change over time |
| What is natural selection? | those that are better adapted will survive and reproduce |
| What is a gene pool? | All of the genes within an ecosystem |
| What does the Hardy-Weinberg principle describe? | Evolution not happening |
| What is gradualism in evolution? | evolution happening over a long period of time |
| What is punctuated equilibrium and evolution? | evolution happening quickly, then not |
| What is adaptive radiation/divergent evolution? | one species becoming two—they’re becoming more differen |
| What is convergent evolution | two species becoming more similar |
| What is a homologous structure? | comparing structures between organisms that have the same structure (bone structure) but different functions |
| What is analogous structure? | comparing structures between organisms, have similar functions and different structures. |
| What is coevolution? | two species evolving as a result of one another |
| What is a vestigal structure | A structure (bone, organ, etc...) that is left over from our ancestors. They used it, we don't |
| How does biochemistry provide evidence for evolution? | Similar DNA over many species |
| In eukaryotic cells, where are ribosomes found? | In the cytoplasm and on the endoplasmic reticulum |
| What do RNA and ATP have in common? | Adenine and ribose |
| What are the reactants in cell respiration and the products in photosynthesis? | glucose and oxygen |
| What molecule is used for long term energy storage and insulation in the human body? | lipids |
| Why do grasses follow lichens during ecological succession? | Lichens form soil for the grasses to grow in |
| During transcription, the nucleotide sequence TAC on DNA becomes what? | AUG |
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omforrester
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