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BIOL211.CH17

CH17 - Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

QuestionAnswer
List the 3 levels at which gene expression can be controlled, or regulated. 17.1/p.354: 1. TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL 2. TRANSLATIONAL CONTROL 3. POST-TRANSLATIONAL CONTROL 3. POST-TRANSLATIONAL CONTROL
Some genes are continually transcribed. What is the word to describe this? 17.1/p.354: these genes are CONSTITUITIVELY transcribed.
explain what GENE EXPRESSION is. glossary G-13: overall process by which the information encoded in genes is converted into an active product, most commonly a protein.
If a regulatory protein affects the ability of RNA polymerase to bind to a PROMOTER, what kind of gene expression control is at work? 17.1/p. 353: TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL
If ELONGATION FACTORS are affected, what kind of gene expression control is at work? 17.1/p. 353: TRANSLATIONAL CONTROL
If mRNA has been transcribed but can't be translated into a protein, what kind of gene expression control is at work? 17.1/p. 353: TRANSLATIONAL CONTROL
what kind of gene expression control is needed to activate a newly synthesized protein? 17.1/p. 354: POST-TRANSLATIONAL CONTROL
This type of gene expression control is slow but efficient in resource use: 17.1/p. 354: TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL
This type of gene expression control is fast but energetically expensive: 17.1/p. 354: POST-TRANSLATIONAL CONTROL
Is level of gene expression ON, OFF, or variable? 17.1/p. 354: variable.
what is a GENETIC SCREEN? 17.2/p. 355: a technique allowing researchers to identify individuals with a particular type of mutation. Involves MASTER PLATE and REPLICA PLATE or INDICATOR PLATE.
This type of mutant produces a product continually 17.2 p. 357 CONSTITUTIVE mutant
The 3 genes involved in LACTOSE METABLISM are: 17.2 p. 357 lacZ (codes for proteins) lacY (codes for proteins) lacI (has regulatory function)
What happens in POSITIVE transcriptional control (aka POSITIVE CONTROL), aka INDUCTION? 17.3/p. 358 A regulatory protein binds to DNA and triggers transcription. Without this protein, transcription does not begin. Ex: CAP
What happens in NEGATIVE transcriptional control (NEGATIVE CONTROL)? 17.3/p. 358 Something must be TAKEN AWAY for transcription to occur. The REPRESSOR binds to DNA OPERATOR near the PROMOTER, shutting down transcription and when taken away, transcription proceeds.
OPERON 17.3/p. 358 A set of bacterial genes that are transcribed together into one mRNA.
the trp OPERON is an example of ANABOLISM or CATABOLISM? Does it work with negative or positive control? 17.3/p. 361 The trp operon is an example of ANABOLISM, a kind of NEGATIVE CONTROL (begins when TRIPTOPHAN is absent).
What part of a HELIX-TURN-HELIX MOTIF in a DNA-binding protein binds to DNA sequences? 17.5/p. 366 the RECOGNITION SEQUENCE of a DNA-binding protein HELIX-TURN-HELIX motif binds to a DNA sequence.
WHERE on DNA does the DNA-binding protein bind? 17.5/p. 366 the DNA-binding helix-turn-helix motif binds to the MAJOR GROOVE of DNA bases.
DYAD symmetry is also known as _____. What does it pertain to? 17.5/p. 365 DYAD SYMMETRY, or TWOFOLD ROTATIONAL SYMMETRY is a property of many nucleotide sequences on DNA that are recognized by DNA-binding proteins.
What type of transcriptional control is CATABOLITE REPRESSION? G-5: It is POSITIVE transcriptional control: in which the end product of a CATABOLIC PATHWAY inhibits further transcription of the gene encoding an enzyme early in the pathway
cAMP stands for ___ . CAP stands for _____. What is the cAMP-CAP complex? 17.4/p. 362-3 cAMP = cyclic AMP. CAP = catabolite activator protein. The cAMP-CAP complex binds to DNA at the CAP site resulting in frequent transcription.
What is the CAP binding site? 17.4/p. 362 It is a DNA sequence located upstream of the lac promoter and along with the CAP comprises a regulative switch.
How is ADENYLYL CYCLASE related to cAMP? 17.4/p. 363 The enzyme adenylyl cyclase produces cAMP from ATP when glucose levels are low.
Do high glucose levels encourage or inhibit ADENYLYL CYCLASE? 17.4/p. 363 adenylyl cyclase is inhibited by high glucose levels.
E. coli can metabolize both lactose and glucose. Does E. coli metabolize lactose at the same time it metabolizes glucose? NO - Lactose is used by E. coli only when glucose is depleted.
E. coli produces high levels of β-galactosidase when _____ is present in the environment. LACTOSE
Is β-galactosidase produced in E. coli cells grown in medium containing glucose or glucose + lactose ? NO - it is only produced in the presence of LACTOSE and in the absence of GLUCOSE.
What three classes of E. coli mutants defective in lactose metabolism were isolated by scientists Monod and Jacob? 1) lacZ- mutants lack functional β-galactosidase (Figure 17.4). 2) lacY- mutants lack galactoside permease and cannot transport lactose. 3) lacI- mutants do not properly regulate production of β-galactosidase and galactoside permease properly.
What gene or gene product serves a regulatory function and shuts down expression of lacZ and lacY in the absence of lactose? The lacI gene or gene product serves a regulatory function and shuts down expression of lacZ and lacY in the absence of lactose.
transcription of lacZ and lacY is induced when ____ is present in the enviroment. LACTOSE
The gene _____ controls both lacZ and lacY. lacI
In the lac operon, transcription STOPS when the repressor binds to the ____. Transcription STARTS when ____ binds to the REPRESSOR and the repressor releases the OPERATOR. a) transcription STOPS when the repressor binds to the OPERATOR. b) transcription STARTS when the repressor releases the OPERATOR.
In the lac operon, transcription starts when a) RNA Pol binds to the ____ and b) lactose, the ____, binds to the repressor causing it release from the OPERATOR a) RNA polymerase binds to the PROMOTER b) lactose, the INDUCER
Created by: boborii
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