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BIOL211.CH16
CH16: Transcription and Translation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is transcription? | 16.1/330 The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template. |
| define genome. | (glossary) all of the hereditary information in an organism, including genes and other non-gene structures in DNA |
| Overview of transcription and translation: ___ is information storage, _____ is the information carrier, and _____ are the product. | 16.1/329: PROTEIN is information storage, mRNA is the information carrier, and PROTEINS are the product. |
| This enzyme synthesizes mRNA by adding ribonucleotides that are complementary to the template strand in DNA. | 16.1/330, 333: RNA polymerase |
| Only 1 of the 2 DNA strands is transcribed by RNA polymerase. What is it called? What is the other one called? | 16.1/330: the TEMPLATE STRAND is transcribed and the NON-TEMPLATE STRAND, aka CODING strand marches the RNA sequence but is not transcribed. |
| a HOLOENZYME is made of what components? | 16.1/331: Core enzyme (the active site) and Sigma (the regulatory component) |
| Where is the active site in a HOLOENZYME? | 16.1/331: in the Core enzyme. |
| The section of a holoenzyme that binds tightly to DNA and is the site where transcription begins is called a _______. | 16.1/331: PROMOTER |
| when SIGMA attaches to an RNA polymerase, the holoenzyme is able to bind to these 2 parts of a PROMOTER. | 16.1/332: the -35 box and the -10 box. |
| When transcription has begun, what happens to SIGMA? | 16.1/332: it disengages from the RNA polymerase. |
| This six-base-pair sequence in DNA on the PROMOTER is UPSTREAM from the point where RNA Polymerase starts transcription | 16.1/331: the -10 box |
| The +1 site on the PROMOTER is the place on DNA where transcription begins. Is it UPSTREAM or DOWNSTREAM from the -10 box? What about the -35 box? | 16.1/331: The -10 box is DOWNSTREAM from the -35 box. The +1 site is DOWNSTREAM from both the -35 box and the -10 box. |
| What ends TRANSCRIPTION? | 16.1/333: A transcription termination signal which makes RNA form a HAIRPIN structure, which dirupts and ends the transcription complex. |
| name the proteins that initiate eukaryotic transcription. What is the protein that initiates prokaryotic transcription? | 16.2/333 BASAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. In bacteria, SIGMA initiates transcription. |
| What is the TATA box? | 16.2/334: a sequence located 30 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site, which is part of a eukaryotic PROMOTER recognized by RNA Polymerase II. |
| How many types of RNA POLYMERASE do eukaryotes have? How many do prokaryotes have? | 16.2/333: eukaryotes have 3 types: RNA pol I, RNA pol II, RNA pol III. prokaryotes just have RNA polymerase. |
| During the elongation phase of prokaryotic transcription, RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA in the ____ direction (3'->5' or 5'->3')? | 16.1/332: RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA in the 5'->3'direction. |
| In prokaryotic RNA synthesis, what are NTPs? | 16.1/332: NTPs are monomers known as ribonucleoside triphosphates. They are paired in complementary base pairs to DNA to synthesize mRNA. |
| What does RNA pol I do? | 16.2/333: Makes large RNA molecules that are found in ribosomes |
| What does RNA pol II do? | 16.2/333: transcribes the genes that code for proteins. In other words, makes mRNA. |
| What does RNA pol III do? | 16.2/333: manufactures tRNAs and the small RNAs found in ribosomes |
| How does the size of a eukaryotic gene compare to its mature RNA transcript? | 16.2/335: it is much larger, because of all the INTRONS (untranslated stretches of gene). Prokaryotes do NOT have introns. |
| OVERVIEW: RNA Transcription in eukaryotes: 1. generate PRIMARY RNA TRANSCRIPT (containing INTRONS and EXONs) 2. remove INTRONS by SPLICING 3. add 5' CAP 4. add poly(A) tail | 16.2/p 335-6. |
| How are INTRONs excised? | 16.2 Figure 16.7: 1. snRNPs and proteins form a spliceosome together. 2. the spliceosome breaks RNA at the 5' end of the INTRON. 3. the INTRON forms a loop 4. the 3' and 5' ends of adjacent EXONS covalently bond, releasing the INTRON, which degrades. |
| What does the 5' CAP consist of? | 16.2/p 336: the 5' CAP consists of 1. the molecule 7-methylguanylate 2. three phosphate groups |
| What does the poly(A) tail consist of? | 16.2/p 336: the poly(A) tail is a sequence of 100-250 adenine nucleotides added to the end of the RNA. The tail is NOT part of the DNA template strand. |
| What is a purpose of the 5' CAP and poly(A) tail? | 16.2/p 336: 1. 5' CAP serves as recognition signal for mRNA 2. poly(A) tail extends the lifespan of mRNA by protecting it from ribonucleases in the cytosol |
| List the three RNA processing steps during transcription that happen in the eukaryotic nucleus before RNA is exported to cytoplasm. | 16.3/p 337: Eukaryotic RNA processing steps: 1. add 5' CAP 2. splicing (spliceosomes remove introns)** 3. add poly(A) tail ** happens DURING transcription |
| Compare the sequence of TRANSCRIPTION and TRANSLATION in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. | 16.3 p. 338: Prokaryotes: TRANSCRIPTION and TRANSLATION are simultaneous Eukaryotes: TRANSCRIPTION happens in nucleus, followed by TRANSLATION in the cytoplasm |
| define a CODON | 15.5/p. 333: a 3-base-long sequence in mRNA that is the basic unit of the GENETIC CODE. It can specify 4 to the 3rd power, or 64 amino acids. |
| do mRNA codons interact directly or indirectly with amino acids? | p. 339: mRNA codons interact INTERECTLY amino acids? |
| aminoacyl tRNA is produced using ATP and aminoacyl tRNA synthase. Draw this. | see Figure 16.12 p. 340 |
| define ANTICODON | 16.4/p. 341 a set of 3 ribonucleotides that forms base pairs with the mRNA codon. |
| Draw how the CODON in mRNA interacts with the ANTICODON in tRNA. | see Figure 16.14 (c) 16.4/p. 341 |
| define the WOBBLE HYPOTHESIS | 16.4/p. 342 the WOBBLE HYPOTHESIS shows that nonstandard base pairing can happpen if amino acid does not change. Ex: tRNA w/ anticodon GUU can base pair with mRNA of either CAA or CAG. (both are the amino acid glutamine). |
| what are the 2 major structures of a RIBOSOME? | 16.5/p. 342: the LARGE SUBUNIT and the SMALL SUBUNIT. Each is made of a complex of RNA molecules and proteins. |
| in a RIBOSOME, peptide bond formation takes place in which subunit? | 16.5/p. 342: peptide bond formation takes place in the LARGE SUBUNIT |
| list the 3 sites of tRNA in a RIBOSOME. | 16.5/p. 342: the E site, the P site, and the A site. |
| list the 3 phases of protein synthesis. | 16.5/p. 343: 1. initiation 2. elongation 3. termination |
| What is the SHINE-DELGARDO SEQUENCE? | 16.5/p. 343: the SHINE-DELGARDO SEQUENCE, aka the RIBOSOME BINDING SITE, is the site where prokaryotic TRANSLATION of mRNA begins. |
| 5'-AGGAGGU-3' is a sequence upstream from the START CODON in mRNA also known as the Shine-Delgardo sequence. What is the complementary sequence in the rRNA? | 16.5/p. 343: the complementary sequence of mRNA's 5'-AGGAGGU-3' is rRNA's 3'-UCCUCCA-5' |
| in eukaryotes, what do INITIATION FACTORS do? | 16.5/p. 343: INITIATION FACTORS are proteins that bind to the 5' cap on mRNAs and guide it to the RIBOSOME. |
| Summarize the 3 steps of INITIATION in bacterial translation: | 16.5/p. 344: 1. mRNA binds to SMALL SUBUNIT in RIBOSOME 2. aminoacyl tRNA bearing f-Met binds to the START CODON 3. LARGE SUBUNIT of RIBOSOME completes the complex |
| What are POLYRIBOSOMES? | 16.5 p. 345: strucutres formed when ribosomes synthesize proteins from the same mRNA at the same time. Happens in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. |
| protein synthesis is catalyzed by _______. Is this an enzyme? | 16.5/p. 344: protein synthesis is catalyzed by ribosomal RNA, a RIBOZYME. Ribozyme is NOT an enzyme. |
| Summarize the 3 steps of ELONGATION in bacterial translation: | 16.5 p. 345: 1. arrival of aminoacyl tRNA 2. peptide bond formation 3. translocation (repeat down the length of the mRNA) |
| what is a RELEASE FACTOR? | 16.5/p. 346 Ends protein synthesis. A protein that fills the A site to release the polypeptide from the ribosome, separating it from mRNA. Then the large and small subunits separate. |
| in this chromosome mutation, a chromosome segment flips and re-attaches to the same chromosome. What is it called? | 16.6 p. 349 chromosome INVERSION |
| in this chromosome mutation, a chromosome segment detaches, and re-attaches to a different chromosome. What is it called? | 16.6 p. 349 chromosome TRANSLOCATION |
| define a MUTATION | 16.6/p.347: a permanent change in an organism's DNA, its genotype. This may lead to changes in proteins and RNAs that affect the organism's phenotype. |
| a single base change mutation is called a _____. | 16.6/p.347: POINT MUTATION |
| mutation that causes changes in the amino acid sequence of proteins | 16.6/p.347: MISSENCE MUTATION (aka REPLACEMENT MUTATION) |
| what do MOLECULAR CHAPERONES do? | 16.5/p. 346 they speed up protein folding, such as during post-translational modifications. |
| Give some examples of POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS that can happen to proteins after translation. | 16.5/p. 346 -phosphyloration -packaging with lipids (as in Golgi apparatus) |
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boborii
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