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Spinal Anat
spinal and neuroanatomy for chiropractic board exams
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Posterior border of the intervertebral foramen? | Zygopophyseal Joint |
Superior border or the Intervertebral foramen? | Pedicle of the vertebra above |
Anterior border of the intervertebral foramen? | Vertebral body of above and below vertebra's and the intervertebral disc between the two. |
Inferior border of the intervertebral foramen? | Pedicle of the vertebra below |
Formed by superior articular facet of vertebra below and the inferior articular facet of the vertebra above. Lined by the ligamentum flavum anteriorly? | zygapophyseal joint |
Vertebral foramina are circular and the smallest in which region? | thoracic |
Shape of vertebral foramen in cervical region | largest and trefoil shaped |
Intermediate sized and trefoil shaped | lumbar |
trefoil and slightly smaller than lumbar canal | sacral canal |
Inferior articular process that are oval | atlas |
What does the atlas articulate with superiorly? | occiput |
What is the shape of the superior articular processes of the atlas? | irregular shaped and concave to accommodate the convex occiput |
What is the joint between the occiput and atlas classified as? | condyloid (ellipsiod), synovial (diarthrodial) |
Describe the transverse processes of the atlas. | large and have a single lateral process. |
Name the structures that pass through the foramen magnum. | spinal cord, meninges, spinal components of CN XI, vertebral arteries |
What Cranial Nerve exits the skull through the hypoglossal canals? | CN XII |
First fontanel to close at 2 months of age. | posterior or occipital fontanel |
What is the anatomical structure name for the posterior/occipital fontanel? | Lambda |
What are the atypical vertebrae of the cervical region? | C1, C2, and C7 |
What are the atypical vertebrae of the thoracic region? | T1, T9, T10, T11, T12 |
What are the atypical vertebrae of the lumbar region? | L5 |
Primary ossification centers of a typical vertebrae | centrum and 2 halves of the neural arch |
How many ossification centers are there in a typical vertbrae? | 5 ossification centers that develop during puberty and 3 initial ossification centers. |
When is fusion of the vertebral arch complete in the lumbar vertebrae? | age 6 |
Anterior curve in a normal adult cervical spine is classified as... | Secondary curve |
First intervertebral foramen is b/w what vertebrae? | Axis and 3rd cervical vertebrae |
Which muscles attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone? | SCM, Longissimus capitis, digastricus, and splenius capitis |
Semispinalis capitis muscles attaches to... | transverse process of C4-T6 vertebrae and the superior nuchal line of occipital bone. |
Iliocostalis lumborum muscle attaches to... | ilium and the inferior 6 ribs |
Longissimus muscles for the middle column of erector spinae group and extend from... | ilium to the skull |
The erector spinae muscles perform what action? | extend the spine, laterally flex the spine and rotate the spine. |
The iliocostalis thoracic muscle attaches from... | inferior 6 ribs to the superior 6 ribs |
Muscles that attach to the atlas? | Levator scapulae, rectus capitis posterior minor and obliquus capitis superior |
Rectus capitis posterior major attaches from... | Spinous process of axis to inferior nuchal line of occipital bone. |
Multifidus muscles attach from... | TP of one vertebra to the SP of the 2-4 superior vertebrae. |
Short rotator muscles in the lumbar region attach... | Transverse muscles of one vertebrae and insert on the SP of vertebrae directly superior to its origin. |
Long cervical rotator muscles attach from... | TP of one vertebrae to SP of the 2nd vertebrae superior to it's origin. |
What is a superficial muscle that covers the inferior portion of the back? | Latissimus Dorsi |
Latissimus dorsi's origin? | Spinous process of T6-T12, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, ribs 10-12 |
Latissimus dorsi's insertion? | Floor of the intertubercular groove of humerus |
Action of the latissimus dorsi? | extention, adduction, and medial rotation shoulder joint. |
Most lateral portion of the erector spinae muscle group? | iliocostalis |
erector spinae muscles named lateral to medial? | Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis |
Deep transversospinalis group? | Semispinalis, multifidus, and rotatores |
superior attachment of the semispinalis capitis muscle? | between superior and inferior nuchal lines of the occiput. |
Three parts of the Semispinalis Muscle? | Semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, and semispinalis thoracis. |
What are the parts of the semispinalis muscles named for? | Their superior attachment |
What is the transversospinalis muscle that crosses only 1 vertebral joint? | rotatores |
What is the origin and insertion of the Rotatores? | TP of one vertebrae and Inserts into spinous process of vertebrae above |
Splenius capitis is what kind of muscle? | deep back muscle |
All deep back muscles are innervated by... | dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves |
latissimus dorsi innervated by... | thoracodorsal |
Rhomboid major innervated by... | dorsal scapular |
Serratus posterior superior innervated by... | ventral rami of upper thoracic nerves |
spinalis muscles originate from... | SP's |
Spinalis muscles insert on... | SP's |
What is the name of the 5th layer of back muscles? | transversospinalis |
What are two muscles in the 5th (transversospinalis) layer of back muscles? | Semispinalis and multifidus |
Located between TP's of successive vertebrae? | Intertransversarii muscles |
Origin of the multifidus muscle? | partially from mammillary processes of lumbar vertebrae |
Origin of the longissimus thoracis... | partially from accessory processes of lumbar vertebrae |
spinal part of the accessory nerve innervates... | Trapezius and SCM |
Thoracodorsal nerve innervates... | latissimus dorsi |
Dorsal scapular nerve innervates... | levator scapulae and rhomboid major & minor |
Dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves innervate... | deep back muscles |
muscle of extension of the head | spinalis cervicis |
anterior aspect of cervical vertebrae and produce flexion of the head... | longus capitis, longus colli, SCM |
Multifidus lumborum inserts on... | SP's of vertebrae 2-4 segments above |
Multifidus lumborum originates from... | MP's of lumbar vertebrae |
Iliocostalis lumborum inserts on... | sacrotuberous ligament and posteromedial iliac crest |
deepest muscle fasciculi located in the groove between the spinous and transverse processes. | rotatores |
6th layer of back muscles | multifidus, semispinalis, and rotatores |
begins on SP of C2 and ends on occiput. | obliquus capitis superior |
begins on SP of axis and ends on TP of atlas | oblquus capitis inferior |
what is the most highly developed muscle in humans. | multifidus lumborum |
3rd layer of back muscles | serratus posterior superior and inferior |
accessory muscle of respiration that helps with forced inspiration? | serratus posterior superior |
accessory muscle of respiration that helps with forced expiration? | serratus posterior inferior |
latissimus dorsi actions... | adducts, internally rotates and extends the upper extremity by acting on the humerus |
Retracts the scapula | rhomboid major |
laterally flexes thoracic region to same side | iliocostalis thoracic |
What covers the articular surfaces of each superior and inferior articular process of the vertebrae? | Hyaline Cartilage |
What type of cartilage is located in the trachea? | Annular Cartilage |
Where is the nucleus pulposus the thickest? | lumbar region |
What movement of the spine creates a separation of the zygapophyseal joints? | flexion |
What is the transverse portion of the cruciform ligament? | transverse ligament of the atlas |
Where does the transverse ligament of the atlas attach? | from lateral mass to lateral mass of the atlas |
What type of joint does the transverse ligament of the atlas form with the odontoid process? | diarthrodial (synovial) trochoid joint |
What movement does the transverse ligament of the atlas allow? | atlas to pivot on the axis |
What does the transverse ligament of the atlas prevent? | the atlas from gliding forward during flexion |