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APGAP
Chapter 5-8 Test
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| latent opinion | an opinion on the spot, formed when it is needed |
| considerations | the many pieces of information a person uses to form an opinion |
| political socialization | the process by which an individual's political opinions are shaped by other people and the surrounding culture |
| mass survey | a way to measure public opinion by interviewing a large sample of the population |
| population | group of people that a researcher wants to study |
| sample | within a population, the group of people surveyed in order to gauge the population whole population's opinion. Researchers use these because it would be impossible to interview the entire population |
| ideological polarization | the effect on public opinion when many citizens move away from moderate positions and towards either end of the political spectrum and identify as either liberals or conservatices |
| policy mood | the level of public support for expanding the government's role in society; whether the public wants government action on a specific issue |
| mass media | sources that provide information to the average citizen, such as newspapers, television networks, radio stations, and websites |
| mainstream media | media sources that predate the Internet, such as news papers, magazines, TV, and radio |
| prime-time | evening hours when television viewership is at its highest and networks often schedule news programs |
| news cycle | the time between the release of information and its publication, example the 24 hours between the daily newspapers |
| broadcast media | communications technologies, such as television and radio, that transmit information over airwaves |
| FCC | Federal Communications Commission, a government agency created in 1934 to regulate American radio stations, eventually expanded to other broadcast media |
| fairness doctrine | FCC regulation requiring broadcast media to present several points of view to ensure balanced coverage. Created 1940's eliminated 1987 |
| equal time provision | FCC regulation requiring broadcast media to provide equal airtime on any non-news programming to all candidates running for an office |
| media conglomerate | companies that control a large number of media sources across several types of media outlets |
| party principle | the idea that a political party exists as an organization distinct from its elected officials or party leaders |
| party in government | group of officeholders who belong to a specific political party and were elected as candidates of that party |
| party in the electorate | group of citizens who identify with a specific political party |
| party organization | a specific political party's leaders and workers at the national, state and local levels |
| New Deal Coalition | assemblage of groups who aligned and supported the Democratic Party in support of New Deal policies during the fifth party system, African Americans, Catholics, Jews, union members, white southerners |
| realignment | a change in the size or composition of the party coalitions or in the nature of the issues that divided the parties. Realignments typically occur within an election cycle or two, but they can also occur gradually over the course of a decade or longer |
| national committee | an American political party's organization compromising party representatives from each state |
| brand name | the use of party names to evoke a certain position or issue |
| conference/caucus | organization of Republicans/Democrats in Congress to discuss party positions and leadership positions |
| 527 organization | a tax-exempt group formed primarily to influence elections through voter mobilization efforts and issue ads that do not directly endorse or oppose a candidate.Unlike political action committees 527s are not subject to contribution limits and spendin caps |
| PAC | Political Action Committee, an interest group or division of an interest group that can raise money to contribute to campaigns or to spend on ads in support of candidates. Amount PACs can receive form each of its donors is strictly limited |
| party identification | a citizen's loyalty to a specific political party |
| party coalition | groups that identify with a political party, usually described in demographic terms such as African American Democrats or evangelical Republcans |
| primary | a ballot vote in which citizens select a party's nominee for the general election |
| caucus | a local meeting in which party members select a party's nominee for the general election |
| nominating convention | a meeting held by each party every four years at which state delegates select the party's presidential nominee and approve the party platform |
| brokered convention | if no candidate has a majority of delegates after the first ballot is cast delegates may support whoever they wish and the delegates at the convention for for the nominee |
| open primary | primary election where any registered voter can participate, regardless of party affiliation |
| closed primary | primary election where only registered members of a particular political party can vote |
| party platform | a set of objectives outlining the party's issues positions and priorities. Candidates are not required to support their party's platform |
| unified government | a situation where one party holds a majority of the seats in the House and Senate and the president is that same party |
| divided government | a situation where the House, Senate, and presidency are not controlled by the same party |
| party in power | The party that controls the presidency |
| incumbent | a politician running for re-election to the office he or she currently holds |
| general election | the election in which voters cast ballots for House members, senators and the president and vice presidents |
| plurality voting | a voting system where the candidate who receives the most votes within a geographic area wins the election regardless of majority |
| majority voting | voting system where a candidate must win more than 50% of votes to win the election, otherwise a run off election is held between the top two candidates |
| runoff election | under majority voting system where a second election is held if no one gets a majority, the top two get to compete |
| winner-take-all | during the presidential primaries the practice of assigning all of the state's delegates to the candidate who received the most votes |
| proportional allocation | during the presidential primaries the practice of determining the number of convention delegates allocated to each candidate based on the percentage of the popular vote they received |
| election cycle | the two year period between general elections |
| superdelegate | a delegate who can go to the nominating convention and vote for whoever they want |
| open seat | an elected position for which there is no incumbent |
| permanent campaign | actions of office holders take throughout the election cycle to build support the their re-election |
| GOTV | Get Out The Vote or ground game, campaign efforts to get mobilize voters on election day |
| hard money | donations that are used to help elect or defeat a specific candidate |
| soft money | contributions that can be used for voter mobilization or to promote a policy proposal as long as these efforts don't support a specific candidate |
| dark money | campaign contributions that can't be traced |
| FEC | Federal Election Committee, government agency that enforces and regulates election laws, made up of six presidential appointees with 3 from each party |
| paradox of voting | the question of why people vote even though their individual votes don't really count for much |
| voting cues | pieces of information about a candidate that are readily available easy to interpret and lead a citizen to vote for a particular candidate |
| coattails | the idea that a popular president can generate additional support for candidates affiliated with his or her party, usually nonexistent in US elections |
| split ticket | a ballot on which a voter selects candidates from more than one party |
| straight ticket | a ballot on which a voter selects candidates from only one party |
| lobbying | effort to influence public policy through contact with public officials on behalf of an interest group |
| interest group | an organization of people who share common beliefs and aim to influence public policy by electioneering and lobbying |
| revolving door | the movement of individuals from government positions to jobs with interest groups or lobbying firms and vice versa |
| grassroots lobbying | a lobbying strategy that relies on participation by group members such as a protester or a letter writing campaign |
| astroturf lobbying | any lobbying method initiated by an interest group that is designed to look like a spontaneous independent participation of many individuals |
| policy wonk | someone knows their shit |
| pandering | to appease or gratify constituents by making yourself look good |
| base | group of voters who almost always support a specific party's candidate |
| populist | someone who wants to represent the people by doing what they like |
| moral hazard | the idea that if citizens are given more benefits they will be more wasteful and have riskier behavior |
| individual mandate | the part of the ACA that requires everyone to have health insurance |
| premium | what you pay every month to get health insurance |
| deductible | what you pay up to when you make a claim, yearly set amount |
| copay | a fee you pay every time you go to the doctor or buy medicince |
| Health Savings Account | a not taxed personal account for individuals to save money for healthcare in |
| universal healthcare | the government makes sure that everyone has healthcare |
| Medicare | health insurance aid for old people |
| Medicaid | health insurance aid for poor people |
| means-tested program | a government program that determines who will benefit from it based on their income |
Created by:
buscehan
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