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Organic Chemistry
module 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| name of substituent CH3 | methyl |
| name of substituent C2H5 | ethyl |
| name of substituent C3H7 | propyl |
| name of substituent C4H9 | butyl |
| name of substituent Cl | chloro |
| name of substituent Br | bromo |
| name of substituent I | iodo |
| name of substituent F | flouro |
| name of substituent OH | hydroxy |
| what type of formula is this C4H10O | molecular |
| Impirical formula is | simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in compound |
| what is the general formula for; alkane alkene carboxylic acid ketone | CnH2n+2 CnH2n CnH2n+1OH CnH2nO2 CnH2nO |
| what does displayed formula show | relative positions and bonds in compound |
| what type of formula is this CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH3 | structural |
| whats the ending for alkane | -ane |
| whats the ending for alkene | -ene |
| whats the ending for alkyne | -yne |
| prefix for haloalkane | halo- |
| ending for alcohol | -ol |
| ending for aldehyde + general formula | -al + RCHO |
| ending for ketone +general formula | -one +RCOR |
| ending for carboxylic acid+general formula | -oic acid +ROOH |
| ending for acyl chloride +general formula | -oyl chloride +RCOCL |
| ending for amide + general formula | -amide +RCONH2 |
| ending for ester + general formula | -yl -oate +RCOOR |
| ending for nitrile +general formula | -nitrile +RCN |
| ending for amine +general formula | -amine +RNH2 |
| prefix for nitro +general formula | nitro- +RNO2 |
| ending for sulphonic acid +general formula | -sulphonic acid +RSO3H |
| ending for ether +general formula | -oxy -ane +ROR |
| what are the 5 types of isomerism | Structural isomerism; chain position functional group Stereoisomerism: geometrical optical |
| whats the difference/similarities in chain isomerism | different carbon position similar chemical properties slightly different physical properties (more branching/lower boiling point) |
| whats the difference/similarities in position isomerism | different functional group position same functional group same carbon skeleton similar chemical properties slightly different physical properties |
| whats the difference/similarities in functional group isomersim | different functional group different chemical properties different physical properties |
| what is the notation for geometrical isomerism and what do they each mean and when do use them | cis (Z)- priority groups on same side of C double bond trans(E)-priority groups on opposite sides of C double bond use cis/trans when 2 H and 2 other use Z/E otherwise |
| what is an optical isomerism | mirror image |
| name three functional group isomerisms | alcohols (R-OH) and ethers (R-O-R) aldehydes (R-CHO) and ketones (R-CO-R) carboxylic acids (R-COOH) and esthers (R-COOR) |
| what is the priority scale in geometric isomerism | C2H5> CH3> H + I> Br> Cl> F> C> H |
| when can you not have a geometrical isomerism | when you have two similar atoms/groups attached to one end of a C double bond |
| what are the two different forms of optical isomerisms called | optical isomers or enantiomers |
| when do optical isomerisms occur | when they have a chiral centre that contains an asymmetric carbon with 4 different groups arranged tetrahedrally around it |
| what is fission | breaking of a covalent bond |
| what is hetrolytic fission | fission that forms unidentical ions (positive(electron deficient) one negative(electron rich)) |
| what is homolytic fission | fission that forms two free radicals each one with one unpaired electron |
| what does a curly arrow represent | movement of of electrons |
| what does a single and double headed arrow represent | single-one electron double-pair of electrons |
| what is a carbocation | positive ion with positive charge on C |
| what is addition reaction | reaction where a molecule joins to an unsaturated molecule to produce a saturated molecule |
| what is substitution reaction | reaction where an atom/group replace another atom/group |
| what is elimination reaction | reaction where a molecule is lost from a saturated molecule to form an unsaturated molecule |
| what bond is in alkanes and how does it form | sigma bond formed by a direct overlap of S orbitals |
| what is the general lack of reactivity in alkanes owed to | C-C and C-H bonds are very strong C-C bond is non polar + C and H have very similar electronegativity so non polar |
| whats the formula for complete combustion for alkanes | CxHy +(x+y/4)O2= xCO2 +y/2H2O |
| what two possible products (not H2O) form from incomplete combustion of alkanes | Co and C |
| what factors affect boiling points in alkanes and why | chain length-longer=more contact points= more LF branching-less=more contact points=more LF |
| what are the conditions for reactions with alkanes and halogens | UV light |
| what is the mechanism for reaction with alkanes and halogens (and what the reaction called) | mechanism= free radical substitution reaction= halogenation |
| what the initiation in alkane halogenation | homolytic fission e.g Br-Br= Br. +Br. |
| whats the propagation stage in alkane halogenation | e.g Br. attacks CH4 = CH4 + Br.= CH3. +HBr then CH3.+ Br2= CH3Br +Br. |
| whats the termination for alkane halogenation | Br. +Br.= Br2 CH3. +CH3.= C2H6 CH3. + Br.= CH3Br |
| why is free radical substitution not ideal in haloalkane synthesis | because of possibility of further substitution to produce a mixture of products |
| what is the process that changes a long chain alkane into shorter alkane + unsaturated hydrocarbon and what are the conditions required | cracking and 450 degrees +zeolite catalyst |
| what is the process that changes straight chain alkane into branched | isomerisation |
| what is the process that changes straight chain alkane into a cycloalkane | reforming |
| what is the spacial arrangement around the the C double bond in alkenes | planar at 120 degrees |
| why is the process of promotion favourable | the arrangement of 4 unpaired electrons with less repulsion is more stable than 2 paired and 2 unpaired |
| what is the hybridisation of alkanes | combining the 2s and 2p3 orbitals to give 4 new orbitals that are equivalent (sp3) with irregular shape |
| what is the hybridisation of alkenes | combining 2s and 2p2 to give 3 new orbitals (sp2) that are equivalent the remaining 2p orbital is unchanged and remains dumbell |
| what is the arrangement of sp3 orbitals in alkanes and why | tetrahedral because they repel equally |
| how do the sp2 and 2p orbitals arrange themselves in alkenes | the sp2 orbitals repel in planar arrangement and 2p lies at right angles to them |
| how are covalent bonds formed | by overlap of orbitals |
| in alkenes how is the sigma bond formed | by an overlap in an sp2 orbital from each C |
| how is the pi bond formed in alkenes and what is the strongest bond | form the overlap of the 2 2p orbitals and the maximum overlap is when the 2p orbitals are in line (which gives rise to the planar arrangement) |
| which bond breaks first in alkenes | the pi bond as sigma is stronger |
| factors affecting boiling point in alkenes and why | chain length-longer =high as more points of contact branching-less=higher as more points of contact |
| whats the pattern for melting point in alkenes | general increase with molecular mass |
| what are alkenes immiscible with and miscible with | immiscible with water because non polar but miscible with most organic solvents |
| what is the main reaction of alkenes | addition |
| what species are alkenes attracted to because of the extra electron density in the C double bond | electrophiles |
| what is a nucleophile | a species that is electron rich |
| what are the conditions for electrophilic addition of hydrogen bromide to alkenes | room temp +reagent= hydrogen bromide |
| what is step one in the electrophilic addition of hydrogen bromide to alkenes | as HBr nears alkene the C=C bond breaks and electrons attach to the positive H, the HBr breaks heterolytically to form bromide ion |
| what is step 2 in the electrophilic addition of hydrogen bromide to alkenes | the bromide ion acts as a nucleophile and attacks carbocation |
| why is it surprising bromine acts as a electrophile in the electrophile addition of bromine | because it non polar |
| how can bromine act as an electrophile in addition | as it approaches the alkene electrons in the pi bond repel the electrons in the Br-Br bond inducing a dipole |
| what is the test for unsaturated hydrocarbons | add bromine and shake if goes clear then it was unsaturated |
| what are the conditions for the electrophilic additionof sulphuric acid | 0 degrees |
| what is the order of stability in carbocations | methyl< primary (attched to 1C)< secondary (attached to 2C)< tertiary (attached to 3C) |
| which path in addition to unsymmetrical alkenes produces the major product | the most stable one |
| what is the reagent and the conditions of hydration in alkenes | steam and 60ATM +300 degrees and an phosphoric acid catalyst |
| what is hydration of alkenes used for | ethanol manufacture |
| what is the reagent and the conditions for hydrogenation of alkenes | hydrogen and 150 degrees + finely divided nickel catalyst |
| what is hydrogenation used for | margarine manufacture |
| what happens during polymerisation | alkene undergoes an addition reaction with itself |
| what does the equation of a polymerisation show | the original monomer and the repeating unit |
| what polymers do these monomers make; ethene propene cholroethene tetraflouroethene | poly(ethene) poly(propene) poly(cholroethene) or polyvinylchloride (pvc) poly(tetrafluoroethene) or PTFE (teflon) |
| what are the conditions for polymerisation | high pressure +temp and either an organic peroxide or Ziegler-Natta (based ob TiCl4) catalyst |
| what do the physical properties of polymers depend on | conditions used to create them |
| what do the chemical properties of polymers depend on | the functional group e.g polythene is resistant to chemical attack and non biodegradable (it is just a large alkane) |
| why is it hard to dispose of polymers | they are biodegradable and and unreactive with most chemicals |
| what is the problem with recycling polymers | expensive |
| what are the advantages of burning polymers | saves on landfill +produce energy |
| how does a feedstock work | uses waste of organic compounds to convert into hydrocarbons to then convert into polymers |
| what reagent and conditions does the elimination from halogenoalkanes use | alcoholic sodium hydroxide and reflux in alcoholic solution |
| what reagent and conditions does the dehydration from alcohols use | conc. sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid and reflux |
Created by:
amberhughesswim
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