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Module #11
Vocabulary for Module 11: The Invertebrates of Kingdom Animalia
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Invertebrates | Animals that lack a backbone |
| Vertebrates | Animals that possess a backbone |
| Spherical symmetry | An organism possesses ________ ________ if it can be cut into two identical halves by any cut that runs through the organism's center |
| Radial symmetry | An organism possesses ______ ________ if it can be cut into two identical halves by any longitudinal cut through its center. |
| Bilateral symmetry | An organism possesses _________ ________ if it can only be cut into two identical halves by a single longitudinal cut along its center which divides it into right and left halves |
| Epidermis | An outer layer of cells designed to provide protection |
| Mesenchyme | The jellylike substance that separates the epidermis from the inner cells in a sponge |
| Collar cells | Flagellated cells that push water through a sponge |
| Amoebocytes | Cells that move using pseudopods and perform different functions in different animals |
| Gemmule | A cluster of cells encased in a hard, spicule-reinforced shell |
| Polyp | The sessile, tubular form of a cnidarian with a mouth and tentacles at one end and a basal disk on the other |
| Medusa | A free-swimming cnidarian with a bell-shaped body and tentacles |
| Epithelium | Animal tissue consisting of one or more layers of cells that have only one free surface, because the other surface adheres to a membrane or other substance |
| Mesoglea | The jellylike substance that separates the epithelial cells in a cnidarian |
| Nematocysts | Small capsules that contain a toxin which is injected into prey or predators |
| Testes | Organs that produce sperm |
| Ovaries | Organs that produce eggs |
| Anterior end | The end of an animal that contains its head |
| Posterior end | The end of an animal that contains its tail |
| Circulatory system | A system designed to transport food and other necessary substances throughout a creature's body |
| Nervous system | A system of sensitive cells that respond to stimuli such as sound, touch, and taste |
| Ganglia (singular: ganglion) | Masses of nerve cell bodies |
| Hermaphroditic | Possessing both the male and female reproductive organs |
| Regeneration | The ability to regrow a missing part of the body |
| Mantle | A sheath of tissue that encloses the vital organs of a mollusk, makes the mollusk's shell, and performs respiration |
| Shell | A tough, multilayered structure secreted by the mantle, generally used for protection, but sometimes for body support |
| Visceral hump | A hump that contains a mollusk's heart, digestive, and excretory organs |
| Foot | A muscular organ that is used for locomotion and takes a variety of forms depending on the animal |
| Radula | An organ covered with teeth that mollusks use to scrape food into their mouths |
| Univalve | An organism with a single shell |
| Bivalve | An organism with two shells |
| Do the vast majority of animals have backbones? | |
| Go to question 3 | . |
| How do sponges get their prey? | |
| If a sponge is soft, does it contain spicules or spongin? What purpose do these substances serve in a sponge? | |
| What is the predominant mode of asexual reproduction in a sponge? | |
| What role do amoebocytes play in the anatomy of a sponge? | |
| When does a sponge produce gemmules? | |
| What is the difference between nematocysts of a hydra and those of a sea anemone? | |
| Why do cnidarians not need respiratory or excretory systems? | |
| Some biology books say that jellyfish live "dual lives". Why? | |
| If a jellyfish reproduces sexually, what form is it in? | |
| What is another name for a large coral colony? | |
| Go to question 14 | . |
| What benefits do earthworms give the plants in the soil that they inhabit? | |
| If you pick up two earthworms and the first feels very slimy towards the clitellum and the second does not, what can you conclude about the first earthworm? | |
| What similarities exist between the hydra's sexual reproduction and the earthworm's? What differences exist? | |
| What will happen to an earthworm if its cuticle gets dry? | |
| Why don't planarians need circulatory systems? | |
| If a flatworm has no complex nervous or digestive systems, is it most likely free-living or parasitic? | |
| What is the main mode of asexual reproduction in a planarian? | |
| Place each organism in one of the following phyla: Porifera, Cnidaria, Annelida, Mollusca, Platyhelminthes. (Sea anemone, clam, sponge, flatworm, segmented worm) |
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HomesChoolScience
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