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Patho ch 14

Question	Answer
Afferent	Toward the center. afferent nerves carry impulses toward the central nervous system
Amnesia	loss of memory
Anencephaly	Congenital condition where most of the brain and skull are absent
Anomalies	An abnormal structure, often congenital
Aphasia	Loss of the ability to communicate, speak coherently, or understand speech
Athetoid	Involuntary writing movements of the limbs and body
Atresia	Blind ended tube: loss of the lumen
Aura	A sensation other visual or auditory usually preceding a seizure or migraine headache
Bifurcation	The division of a tube or vessel into two channels or branches
Choreiform	Involuntary repeated jerking movements of the face and limbs
Clonic	Consisting of rapid, alternating contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle
Cognitive	Intellectual abilities such as memory, thinking, problem-solving judgment, initiative
Coma	An unconscious state where the person cannot be aroused
Contralateral	Opposite side of the body
Disorientation	Mental confusion with inadequate or incorrect awareness of time, place and person
Efferent	Moving away from the center or efferent nerve fibres carry motor impulses to muscles
Fissure	A crack or split in the surface of skin or mucous membrane
Flaccid	Lack of tone in muscle or weakness and softness
Foramina	An opening in bone or membrane
Fulminant	Rapid, severe uncontrolled progression of disease or infection
Ganglion	A collection of nerve cell bodies, usually outside the central nervous system
Hyperreflexia	Excessive reflex responses
Ipsilateral	Same side of the body
Labile	Unstable, changing
Nuchal rigidity	Stiff neck, often associated with meningitis or brain hemorrhage
Paresis	Muscle weakness or mild paralysis
Paresthesia	Abnormal sensations
Photophobia	Increased sensitivity of the eyes to light
Precursor	A substance that can be used to form other materials
Pressoreceptors	Pressure receptors
Prodromal	The initial period in the development of disease before acute symptoms occur
Ptosis	Drooping eyelid
Scotoma	A defect in the visual field
Spastic	Strong involuntary muscle contractions
Stuper	A state of extreme lethargy, unawareness and unresponsiveness
Transillumination	The passage of light through a structure to determine if an abnormality is present
broca's area	area in left frontal lobe in which the output of words, both written and verbal is coordinated
catecholamine-O-methyltransferase inhibitors	anticholinergic drugs
infratentorial	lesion located below the brainstem or below the tentorum
paralysis	inability to move
postictal	deep sleep often following a seizure
retina	cells that receive visual stimulus
sulcus	groove in the brain
supratentorial	occurs in the cerebral hemispheres above the tentorum cerebelli
sutures	immovable joints consisting of fibrous tissue
tetraplegia	paralysis of all four extremities
tonic	extension of limbs and rigidity of the trunk during a seizure
wernicke's area	center of the brain that comprehends written and spoken language
clonic	alternating contraction and relaxation of muscles during a seizure
Dementia	Progressive chronic disease that impairs cognition, judgment and motor coordination
Aphasia	Inability to comprehend or express language
Increased intercranial pressure	Any excess influence such as blood or accident, or any additional mass causing an increase in pressure in the brain
Transient ischemic attack	Temporary localized reduction of blood flow in the brain
Cerebral vascular accident	infarction of brain tissue resulting from a lack of blood
Cerebral aneurysm	Localized dilation in an artery inside the brain
Meningitis	Infection, usually bacterial affecting the meninges in the brain
Brain abcess	Localized infection, frequently occurring in the frontal or temporal lobes
Encephalitis	Infection of the parenchymal or connective tissue of the brain
Shingles	Exacerbation of a latent viral infection affecting one cranial nerve or one dermatome
Rheyes syndrome	Pathological changes in the brain and liver linked to a recent viral infection in children
Spina bifida	Group of neural tube defects with varying severity
Multiple sclerosis	Disease characterized by progressive demilination of nerves in the brain, spinal cord and cranial nerves
Amyotropic lateral sclerosis (Lou gherig)	Progressive degenerative disease affecting upper motor neurons in the cerebral cortex and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord
Myesthenia gravis	Auto immune disorder that impairs receptors for acetylcholine at the neuro muscular Junction
Huntington disease	Inherited disorder with progressive atrophy of the brain With degeneration of neurons particularly in the basal ganglia and frontal cortex
Alzheimers	Type of dimentia that impairs intellectual function, personality, behavior and judgment and is characterized by Beta amyloid protein plaques
Hydrocephalus	Excessive cerebral spinal accumulation in the skull compressing brain tissue and blood vessels
Parkinson disease	Progressive degenerative disorder affecting motor function because of loss of extra pyramidal activity
dementia	caused by vascular disease such as atherosclerosis, infections, toxins or genetic disorders
aphasia	caused by damage to wernicke area or to brocca aea or both
increased intercranial pressure	caused by any increase in fluid such as blood, inflammatory exudate or a mass such as a tumor
transient ischemic attack	caused by a temporary reduction of blood flow to the brain
cerebral vascular accident	caused by diabetes, hypertension, lupus, increased cholesterol, atherosclerosis, history of TIA's, age, obstructive sleep apnea or heart disease
meningitis	caused by a bacterial or viral infection affecting the coverings of brain and spinal cord
brain abcess	caused by a spread of an organism from the ear, throat, sinuses or septic emboli
encephalitis	usually caused by a vector borne viral infection
shingles	caused by a latent infection of the varicella virus
reyes syndrome	cause not fully determined but linked to viral infection in children treated with aspirin
spina bifida	cause can be multifactorial, environmental or genetic factors
multiple sclerosis	cause is not fully determined with possible genetic, immunologic and environmental factors
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	unknown cause with a possible genetic component
myesthenia gravis	cause thought to be autoimmune
huntington	caused by autosomal dominant genetic disorder
alzheimers	specific cause is unknown but related to formation of beta amyloid protein plaques
hydrocephalus	caused by developmental abnormalities
parkinsons	cause may be idiopathic, viral, toxins, encephalitis, trauma, vascular disease or medication induced
dementia	symptoms include progressive cognitive impairment, short term memory loss, behavior and personality changes
expressive aphasia	symptoms include inability to write or speak
receptive aphasia	symptoms include the inability to understand speach or the written word
global aphasia	inability to speak or understand language
increased intracranial pressure	signs include decreased level of consciousness, headache, vomiting, increased blood pressure, increased pulse pressure, decreased heart rate, papiledema, fixed and dilated pupils
transient ischemic attack	signs include the patient remains conscious with intermittent episodes of impaired function related to the location of the ischemia. ex: muscle weakness, arm or leg paralysis or visual disturbances
cerebral vascular accident	signs depend on the size of the obstruction, location and functional area affected. Can include sudden weakness, numbness or tingling in arm, leg or one side of the body, sudden loss of vision, severe headache or dizziness
cerebral aneurysm	signs may include visual disturbances, headache, photophobia, intermittent confusion, slurred speech, weakness, nuchal rigidity, loss of consciousness or death
meningitis	signs include sudden onset severe headache, back pain, photophobia, nuchal rigidity, kernig sign, brudzinski sign, rose colored petechial rash, feeding problems, irritability, high pitched cry an bulging fontanels in an infant
brain abcess	insidious onset with focal signs indicating neurologic deficits and increased intracranial pressure
encephalitis	signs include severe headache, stiff neck, lethargy, vomiting, seizure and fever
shingles	pain, paresthesias, vesicular rash that develops in a line unilaterally on the face or in the path of a lumbar nerve
reyes syndrome	symptoms include lethargy, headache, vomiting, disorientation, hyperreflexia, hyperventilation, seizure, stupor and coma
spina bifida	symptoms include failure of the spinous process of the vertebra to fuse. May result in the herniation of the meninges or spinal cord
multiple sclerosis	symptoms depend on areas of demylination in each individual but may include visual disturbances, weakness, paralysis, chronic fatigue and sensory deficits
amyotropic lateral sclerosis	symptoms include upper extremity weakness, muscle atrophy, loss of coordination, progressive weakness and paralysis progressing to impaired swallowing and respiration
myesthenia gravis	symptoms include fatigue, muscle weakness in the face and eyes that progresses upwards to the trunk with possible respiratory ipairment.
Huntington	symptoms include mood swings, personality changes, choreiform (rapid jerky movements of the arm and face, progressive movement impairment and dementia
alzheimer	insidious progression over 10 to 20 years, loss of memory, cognitive problems, difficulty with activities of daily living, unable to recognize family and incontinence
hydrocephalus	symptoms include an enlarged head in an infant, dilated scalp veins, sunset sign, difficulty feeding, high pitched cry and signs of increased intracranial pressure
parkinson	symptoms include fatigue, muscle weakness, decreased facial expression, muscle tremors, bradykinesthia, stooped posture and propulsive gait

Created by: boringjen

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