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Corrections
FINAL Chs. 8-10, 11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a structure established for influencing behavior to achieve particular ends | formal organization |
| obedience to an order or request | compliance |
| the ability to obtain compliance in exchange for material resources | remunerative power |
| the ability to obtain compliance by manipulating symbolic rewards | normative power |
| the ability to obtain compliance by the application or threat of physical force | coercive power |
| the model in which the purpose of imprisonment is to "punish offenders-fairly and justly through lengths of confinement proportionate to the gravity of the offense" | "confinement model" |
| 3 features of the 5 features with the mission for the respect to prisoners | keep them safe, keep them in line, keep them busy |
| a management principle holding that a subordinate should report to only one supervisor | unity of command |
| a management principle holding that a supervisor can effectively oversee only a limited number of subordinates | span of control |
| employees who are directly concerned with furthering the institution's goals; workers in direct contact with clients | line personnel |
| employees who provide services in support of line personnel | staff personnel |
| employees which make up the majority of an institution's personnel | custodial employees |
| T/F: The organizational structure of correctional institutions has changed over time. | T |
| T/F: Correctional institutions are administered more humanely today than they were in the past. | T |
| a governance theory which states that for a prison system to operate effectively, officials must tolerate minor security measures... | inmate balance theory |
| a governance theory which states that for a prison disorder results from unstable, divided, or otherwise weak management | administrative control theory |
| 3 of the total 4 factors that make governing prisons different from administering other public institutions | defects of total power, limited rewards and punishments, strength of inmate leadership |
| Much of the public believes that prisons are run in an _________ manner. | authoritarian |
| T/F: Physical coercion is used to control prisoners. | T |
| Correctional officers often rely on what 2 things to gain cooperation? | rewards, punishment |
| are central to prisoner control because correctional officers cannot have total control over the inmates | negotiations |
| In the traditional prison of the big-house era, admin. enlisted who to help maintain order? | inmate leaders |
| More serious violations can earn the prisoner a ________ . | ticket |
| Custodial officers act like ____________ with regard to most prison rules. | police officers |
| the concept of male honor and the sacredness of one's reputation... | machismo |
| 3 characteristics that underlie behavioral factors | age, attitudes, race |
| most common type of violence in prisons | prisoner-prisoner |
| Besides physical injury, an attack can compromise an officer's what? | authority |
| ultimately responsible for prison operations | warden |
| tends to increase the personnel and resources used to maintain and manage the organization | bureaucracies |
| How many state correctional officers are there? | 300,000 |
| rehab and educational personnel's primary mission | custody |
| main disciplinarians of the institutions; conducting shakedowns... | lieutenant |
| The early CJ lit either ignored the prison officer or painted a picture of an individual with a ______________ resulting from the routine of numbering, counting, checking, and locking. | "lock psychosis" |
| Studies have shown that a primary incentive for becoming a ___________ is the security of a civil service job. | correctional officer |
| Correctional facilities are located where? | rural areas |
| percent of correctional officers that belong to minority groups? that are women? | 30%, 23% |
| Inmates provide _______ . | labor |
| officers where in which have the closest contact with prisoners | cell blocks |
| In the yard, inmates are "_________ ." | "on the street" |
| officers where in which they have almost no contact with inmates | along the walls |
| Female officers are thought to exert a "_________" influence. | "softening" |
| job-related mental tension | job stress |
| Organizational justice is made up of what two important elements? | procedural and distributive justice |
| When social distance breaks down, officers are more prone to commit what? | boundary violations |
| Dual relationships account for what percent? | 80% |
| behavior that blurs, minimizes, or disrupts the social distance between.... | boundary violations |
| percent of general boundary violations | 8% |
| percent of staff-inmate sexual contact | 12% |
| 3 uses of force | physical, less-than-lethal, deadly |
| Are corporal punishment and excessive use of force allowed in prisons? | no |
| More than what percent increase in the number of correctional officers nationwide? | 400% |
| set the procedures for hiring, promoting, etc. | civil service laws |
| develop through collective-bargaining agreements between unions and the government | workplace rules |
| statute that says that "any person who deprives another of their constitutional rights while acting under the authority of the law may be liable in a lawsuit" | Cooper v. Pate |
| contain basic principles and procedural safeguards and describe the institutions of government ... | constitutions |
| law created by the people's elected reps. in legislatures | statute |
| legal rules produced by judges' decisions | case law |
| legal rules created in judges' decisions that serve to guide the decisions of other judges in subsequent similar cases | precedent |
| legal rules designed to implement in detail the policies of that agency; rules made by federal, state, and local admin. agencies | regulations |
| court decision which signaled the end of the hands-off policy | Cooper v. Pate |
| Habeas corpus gave reasons to justify continued __________ . | confinement |
| The 1st successful prisoners' rights case involved what most excessive prison abuses? | brutality and inhuman physical conditions |
| ...In the U.S. Constitution by filing Section _____ petitions in federal courts. | 1983 |
| means of ensuring a legitimate state interest that impose fewer limits to prisoners' rights than do alternative means of securing that end | least restrictive methods |
| any threat to security or to the safety of individuals that is so obvious and compelling that the need to counter it overrides the guarantees of the 1st Amendment | clear and present danger |
| requires that a regulation provide a reasonable, rational method of advancing a legitimate institutional goal | rational basis test |
| court decision which states that prisoners who adhere to other than conventional beliefs may not be denied the opportunity to practice their religion | Cruz v. Beto |
| The growth of what religion set the stage for other suits? | Black Muslims |
| the aggregate of circumstances in a correctional facility that may violate the protections guaranteed by the 8th Amendment | totality of conditions |
| court decision in which Iowa inmates argued that their equal protection rights were violated .... | Pargo v. Elliott |
| that in which makes it more difficult for prisoners to file civil right lawsuits.... | Prison Litigation Reform Act |
| a public official who investigates complaints against government officials and recommends corrective measures | ombudsman |
| intervention in a dispute by a third party to whom the parties in conflict submit their differences for resolution and whose decision is binding on both parties | mediation |
| court decision in which juries, rather than judges, must make the crucial factual decision on whether a convicted murder should receive the death penalty | Ring v. Arizona |
| More than 1/2 on death row are what race? | caucasian |
| T/F: Because of the heinous nature of the crime, several states have laws permitting use of the death penalty for adults who rape children but do not murder them. | T |
| T/F: 4 alternatives to litigation are inmate grievance procedures, use of an ombudsman, mediation, and legal assistance. | T |
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