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Science FINAL 1
8th Grade Earth Science
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When diluting an acid, always add _______________ to _______________ . | acid to water |
| Explain the Theory of Plate Tectonics. | Earth’s crust & upper mantle (lithosphere) are broken into plates and move around on a plastic-like layer of the mantle (asthenosphere.) These plates are always moving but very slowly. Plate boundaries are where the plates interact. |
| What evidence is there for plate tectonics? | Clues::Puzzle fit of continents, Fossils: Certain fossils of ancient animals/plants are found on distant areas, Climate:Fossils of warm climate plants were found in today's cold climates, Rock: Similar rock structures are found on different continents |
| How does the evidence of plate tectonics explain the movement of the plates? | This explains the plates movement because all of these non-swimming species etc. were found on entire different parts of the world, separated by oceans. Bc of this, the continents had to have once been together and therefore, they must be able to move. |
| Identify: Divergent Boundary | -Two plates spread apart (divide) -Where seafloor spreading occurs forming midocean ridges. -New crust is formed (Constructive Boundary) Makes: new crust, mountains, rift valleys, and earthquakes |
| Identify: Convergent Boundary | -Two plates collide-Oceanic plate will sink under a continental plate (subduction) producing a deep ocean trench.-Two oceanic plates will converge resulting in a volcanic island arc.-Two continental plates will converge/crumple forming mountains. |
| Identify: Transform Fault Boundary | -Two plates slide past each other. -Move at different rates. Also known as strike-slip faults Makes EARTHQUAKES!!! |
| What is going on in the mantle that causes the plates to move? | Convection currents: hot magma rises up and cool rock sinks below |
| What metals make up the Earth's core? | Inner Core: Solid nickel and Iron Outer Core: Liquid nickel and Iron |
| Why is the inner core solid? | Because it is under great pressure |
| What are the most common elements in the crust? | Made of mostly Silicon & Oxygen (75%) - forms compounds called Silicates. |
| Identify: Normal Fault (type of dip-slip fault) | -Tensional forces pull the rock apart. -Rock above the fault surface moves downward compared to the rock below the fault surface. |
| Identify: Reverse Fault (type of dip-slip fault) | -Compression forces squeeze the rock. -Rock above the fault surface moves upward and over the rock below the fault surface. |
| Identify: Strike-Slip Fault | -Shear forces tear the rock. -Rocks on either side of the fault are moving past each other without upward or downward movement. |
| Describe the differences and similarities between an earthquake focus and an epicenter. | Focus: The point below the the surface on the fault where energy is released (Origin Point). Body waves originate here. Epicenter: The point on the Earth's surface above the focus. Surface waves originate here. The point of the greatest damage. |
| Identify: Primary Waves | -Move rock particles forward and back (compressional waves) as the wave travels through the material. -Travel the fastest. -Can travel through solids & liquids. |
| Identify: Secondary Waves | -Move rock particles up and down at right angles (shear wave) as the wave travels through the material. -Much slower than P-waves. -Can only travel through solids. |
| Identify: Surface Waves (Love/Rayleigh) | Waves created at epicenter as a result of P and S wave hitting the surface. They cause the surface to move up and down, and also side-to-side in a rolling motion. Love (side-to-side) and Rayleigh (rolling).Cause the most damage (mostly the Rayleigh waves) |
| Explain why it is necessary to use 3 or more recording stations to find an epicenter. | If you use one point, that only tells how far away the epicenter is, not in what direction. This is represented on a map as a circle. Data from three stations are needed. The place where all three circles intersect is the location of the epicenter. |
| Explain how tsunamis are created and what happens during a tsunami. | Created by shifting of rock in marine or coastal regions as result of volcanic eruptions, etc. The tsunami waves are short in open water, but get taller as the crests approach the shoreline. The water retreats from the shoreline prior to wave hitting. |
| Explain the differences between magma and lava. | Magma=molten rock underneath Earth's surface. It is less dense than solid rock. If it cools underground, intrusive igneous rock is formed. Lava=molten rock that is erupted onto Earth's surface. It quickly cools to form solid extrusive igneous rock. |
| What happens in a magma chamber? | Magma collects in a magma chamber inside the Earth’s crust. |
| What is a vent? | The opening where magma is forced up and flows onto the Earth’s surface is called a vent. |
| What makes up the sides of a volcano? | Depending on the type of volcano, the volcano will be made up of layers of either fused tephra, hardened lava, or both. |
| What is a crater? | The steep-walled depression around a volcano’s vent is called the crater. |
| What is a pluton? | Underground (intrusive) igneous formations are called plutons. They are created as magma fills cracks and chambers within the Earth's crust. The magma cools and turns into solid rock, thereby taking the shape of the cracks & chambers. |
| Identify: Sill (type of pluton) | -Horizontal plutons that have a flattened shape (formed in cracks). -They form parallel to the surrounding rock layers. |
| Identify: Dike (type of pluton) | -Vertical plutons that have a flattened shape (formed in cracks). -These appear wall-like when exposed to the surface. -They cut across the surrounding rock layers. |
| Identify: Laccoliths (type of pluton) | -Large horizontal pluton (formed in large cracks or small chambers). -Has a domed appearance as a result of magma pushing upward on the surrounding rock creating a bulge. |
| Identify: Batholiths (type of pluton) | -Largest of all of the plutons. -Forms where magma has been forced up into large magma chambers within the crust & cooled slowly. -Form the cores of mountains. -Size ranges in the tens to hundreds of miles |
| Identify: Pahoehoe (type of lava flow) | rope-like basaltic lava that fold & wrinkle along with forming a braided appearance. |
| Identify: Aa (type of lava flow) | rough, jagged chunks of newly cooled basaltic lava that are jagged and sharp. |
| Identify: Pillow (type of lava flow) | like the name suggests, these basaltic lava flows are smooth, pillow-shaped and form underwater. |
| How does viscosity change based on temperature & amount of silica? | Composition: the greater the amount of silica, the higher the viscosity; Temperature: the hotter the magma, the lower the viscosity (more liquidy- moves faster, colder=thicker and slower) |
| What factors cause violent or more explosive volcanic eruptions? | Viscosity affects the violence of an eruption. The most violent eruptions come from volcanoes with a high viscosity and a high gas level. Eruptions of lesser violence have lava with a lower gas level and a lower viscosity. |
| Identify: Shield (type of volcano) | Broad, domed volcanoes w/ gently sloping sides. Quiet eruptions of basaltic lava that flow out of the crater forming flat layers w/ a small amount of pyroclastic material. Largest in surface area, but are not very tall. Mostly associated with hot spots. |
| Identify: Cinder cone (type of volcano) | Steep-sided volcanoes made of ejected lava fragments (tephra). Loosely packed tephra material. Shape is affected by the wind - look like ant hills.Smallest of the volcanoes in size. Become extinct when it runs out of a magma source. |
| Identify: Composite (type of volcano) | AKA Stratovolcano or Strato Cone Volcano. Volcanoes with alternating layers of tephra & lava flows. Typically have long dormancy periods punctuated by short violent eruptions and erupts andesitic lava. Mostly associated w/ convergent plate boundaries. |
| Describe characteristics of the gasses that are emitted from volcanoes. | Mostly water vapor & CO2 . The gas=natural source of air pollution.Sulfur gases can mix with water in the air to produce sulfuric acid, or sulfuric acidic pools, lakes, etc.The CO2 released is essential to the Earth's carbon cycle. |
| What are tephra & pyroclastic material? | They are the same thing. Solid rock material ejected from the volcanic crater. It ranges in size from tiny to large. Ash, cinders, lapilli, blocks, bombs. |
| What are the plate tectonics conditions necessary to form a volcano? | Oceanic- Oceanic, Oceanic - Continental convergent boundaries. A convergent plate boundary in which two or more plates are colliding and often results in one plate subducting under the other. |
| Name the parts of the rock cycle. | Sediments- (cementing and compacting)- Sedimentary Rock-(heat and pressure)- Metamorphic Rock- (melting)- Magma- (cooling)-Igneous Rock- (weathering and erosion)- Sediments |
| How is the mass of Earth's rock material affected by the rock material? | The mass of the Earth's rocks doesn't change, they just change what form they are in. |
| How are igneous rocks formed? | Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling and crystallization of magma/lava. |
| How are igneous rocks classified? | -An igneous rock that cooled quickly above ground is an Extrusive Igneous Rock. Tiny mineral crystals and vescular bubbles. -An igneous rock that cooled rapidly below ground is an Intrusive Igneous Rock. Larger mineral crystals and typically shiny. |
| How do sedimentary rocks form? | -Sedimentary Rocks are formed by the compaction and cementing of weathered and eroded sediments (compaction presses sediments closer and closer together, cementation glues the pieces together) |
| How are sedimentary rocks classified? | Dentrial: rocks that are formed from smaller pieces of weathered rock that have been compacted/cemented together.Identified based on size of rock particles. Chemical: rocks that have formed as a result of chemical reactions or were once living organisms |
| How are metamorphic rocks formed? | Metamorphic rocks are formed from other rocks that were changed by heat and pressure. |
| How are metamorphic rocks classified? | Foliated:layered metamorphic rock caused by compression forces+heat, has visible bands/foliations in rock. Non-Foliated:a metamorphic rock that goes through chemical change when it comes in contact with other rocks/magma sources.No visible bands in rock. |
| What is the importance of ores and what are they? | -Ores are rocks that have large amounts of valuable minerals (metals and/or nonmetals)-Ores are mined so the metals/nonmetals can be extracted(by smelting, the process of melting an ore down to separate the rock from the useful minerals)in usable amounts. |
| What is the hydrosphere? | The hydrosphere is all the water on Earth |
| What percentage of the Earth's freshwater is available for us to use? | 1% |
| Where did Earth's water come from? | The water on Earth has been around for millions and billions of years and recycles itself through the water cycle. Volcanic Eruptions, Comets, Asteroids |
| Identify the parts of the water cycle. | Precipitation, (absorbsion into the ground), Evaporation, Transpiration, Condensation |
| What is surface runoff? | Surface runoff occurs when the precipitation cannot be absorbed by the ground. This runoff flows over land and downhill until it reaches a body of water. |
| How do watersheds work and which one are we a part of? | We are a part of the Arkansas-White-Red-River Watershed. Watersheds are large areas of land that catch and collect water and then funnels it into a major river. |
| What are aquifers, what are they used for, and which one is the largest one in the US? | Aquifers are large underground areas of stored ground water made of porous rock and soil. They are used by humans as a source of water for agriculture and personal consumption. The largest on in the US is the Ogallala (High Plains) Aquifer. |
| What is the difference between mechanical & chemical weathering? | -Mechanical weathering=the process of breaking down rocks& minerals into small pieces by physical force w/out changing composition.-Chemical weathering=the process of breaking down rocks&minerals by chemical reactions, their chemical composition changes. |
| What are the causes for mechanical weathering? | Frost wedging, salt crystal weathering, changes in temperature/pressure, abrasion, and biological processes. |
| How does frost (ice) wedging occur? | Frost wedging occurs when water enters cracks in the rock and then freezes. When water freezes it expands causing the crack to get bigger. If this happens over and over again, the rock will eventually break apart. ` |
| What are some examples of biological factors that cause mechanical weathering? | plant roots, human activities, burrowing animals |
| How does abrasion cause weathering? | The flow of water or air over rocks can slowly break down the rock due to friction. This will cause the rocks to become rounded and smooth. The faster the flow of water/air, the faster the weathering will occur. |
| What are the causes for chemical weathering? | Water, Acids, Atmospheric Oxygen, and Biochemical Oxygen |
| What are some conditions that will change the rate of weathering? | Climate, rock composition, and surface area |
| What is erosion? | The process of moving rocks & sediment by wind, water, ice, and gravity. |
| What three factors cause erosion to occur? | Water, Wind, Gravity, Ice |
| How do glaciers cause erosion? | Gravity pulls glaciers downhill.The sharp ice grinds and cuts into the surrounding rock as the glacier moves forming a U-shaped valley. The broken-down rock (moraine) is picked up by the glacier, taken downhill and deposited (till) when the glacier melts. |
| Which part of the soil is the most important and why? | Topsoil is the most important because plants require it to grow. |
| What is humus? | The dark organic material contained in topsoil. |
| What is the Dust Bowl? | The removal of the topsoil can be devastating to crops and farmland like in the Dust Bowl period of the 1930s."an area of land where vegetation has been lost and soil reduced to dust and eroded,a consequence of drought or unsuitable farming practice" |
| Explain how fossils form. | An animal dies. It is covered in layers of sediment. The soft parts of the animal decay. As sediment presses down, and rock forms, minerals seep down and replace the bone in the same shape and form as the bone was in. |
| What is required for an organism to become fossilized? | 1. Covered quickly in sediments/ 2. Little to no oxygen. 3. Preferably, should have hard parts |
| Identify: Permineralized Remains - | Identify: -fossils that were once bones -sediment protects the body/plant from being destroyed by scavengers and slows down the decomposition process. -minerals mixed with water in the surrounding sediment will seep into the pores in the bones, etc. |
| Identify: Molds - | Identify: -hollow, empty -organism dies near a body of water -body fully decomposes |
| Identify: Casts- | Identify: - 3-dimensional copies of the outer part of a dead organism. - form when a mold fossil gets filled in by mineral mixed with water. Those minerals crystallize forming a rock in the shape of the dead organism. |
| Identify: Original Remains | Identify: -This type of fossil involves the original organism being encased in a material (amber, tar, ice) that prevents the decomposition of the organism. -mot common type is organisms trapped in tree sap (amber) -some animals trapped in ice |
| Identify: Coal - | -This forms from plants in swamp/wetland environments. Leaves fall into water & sink The hot/wet environment = decomposing dead plant matter = creates carbon- peat The peat gets covered up by sediment that turns to rock. Pressure turns peat into coal |
| Principle of Superposition- Relative Dating | - oldest layer of rock is on the bottom, newest on top If vein of rock(ex. dike) cuts across layers of sedimentary rock, then the dike is younger than the surrounding rock bc the sedimentary rock had to already have been there for it to cut across. |
| Atoms: 3 types of particles found in the atom, where they are found in the atoms, and their charges. | Protons- positive charge, found in center/nucleus Neutrons- neutral, no charge, found in center/nucleus Electrons-negative charge, travel outside of the nucleus |
| How does natural selection work? | -A process by which organisms with characteristics that are suited to a certain environment have a better chance of survival and reproduction. |
| Place the eras of the Phanerozoic eon in proper chronological order.(oldest to youngest) | Paleozoic Era, Mesozoic Era, Cenozoic Era |
| Match the various ages of animals to the correct eras. | Paleozoic Era: Age of Invertebrates, then Fishes, then Amphibians Mesozoic Era: Age of Reptiles (dinosaurs) Cenozoic Era: Age of Mammals |
| How and when was the moon formed? | Object collides with partially molten Earth producing a blob that becomes the Moon, Hadean Eon, 4.5 bya |
| When was the Earth's first atmosphere formed, what was it made of? | First atmosphere of Hydrogen & Helium created (then destroyed by a heavy bombardment of meteors), Hadean Eon |
| How and when was water formed? | Water "appeared" because of comet strikes, Hadean Eon |
| How and when was the first life on Earth formed and what was it? | First simple single-celled organisms evolve (possibly forms of bacteria), Archaen Eon |
| How and when was the Earth's oxygen formed/where did it come from? | Bacteria begin to do photosynthesis producing oxygen (cyanobacteria), Archaen Eon |
| When did the invertebrates (Trilobites) dominate? | Early Paleozoic Eon |
| When did Pangea form and separate? | -Formed at about 250mya in late Paleozoic Era -Separated into Laurasia and Gondwanaland in early Mesozoic Era at about 200mya |
| What caused the largest mass extinction in Earth history, when was it? | The largest mass extinction in Earth’s history kills 90% of all marine life & 70% of land species (Permian Period.) Possibly due to the formation of Pangaea, high levels of CO2, and an increase in global volcanic activity. |
| When did the dinosaurs dominate? | Mesozoic Era |
| What was the evolutionary importance of reptiles? | They are the 1st vertebrate to live entirely out of the water. |
| How and when did the first humans "appear"? | Humans, or the early Homo sapiens, "appeared" in the Cenezoic Era at about 200,000 years ago and are the most dominant and complex animal. |
| What factors led to the extinction of the dinosaurs? | The 2nd largest mass extinction in history kills dinosaurs Many factors could have led to the extinction: -Plate Tectonics causing climate changes -Comet/Asteroid hit the Earth -Blocking out of the Sun -Cooling temperatures -Starvation |
| What was Oklahoma like during the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, & Cenozoic eras? | Oklahoma was under a large sea. |
Created by:
*BROOKE*
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