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RS Microbiology
Respiratory System Microbiology - Virology of the Common Cold
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| URT Infections include the following: | 1) Common Cold 2) Pharyngitis 3) Quinsy 4) Epiglottitis 5) Otitis media 6) Sinusitis |
| URT Infections are mostly caused by: | Viral infections 80-90% |
| What are the symptoms of the common cold? | Runny nose (rhinitis) Headache Sneezing Mild fever Coughing General fatigue |
| Which two types of viruses most commonly cause the common cold? | Rhinovirus Coronavirus |
| What is the main causative agent of pharyngitis/tonsillitis? | Viruses (80%) |
| Quinsy is: | Tonsillar abcess |
| What is the main cause of Quinsy? | Bacteria |
| What is the main cause of Epiglottitis? | Bacteria - Haemophilus Influenza |
| Why don't we examine a patient we suspect to have Epiglottitis with a tongue depressor? | This might leads to edema |
| Otitis media and Sinusitis are: | Inflammation of the middle ear and the paranasal sinuses respectively |
| They are most commonly caused by: | Bacteria |
| What time of the year does the common cold most likely affect patients? | Winter, then in the fall and spring |
| How is the common cold managed? | Provide supportive therapy DO NOT GIVE ANTIBIOTICS |
| Symptomtic relief may be accompanied by mucopurulent rhinitis. Is this an indication for antimicrobial treatment? | No, not unless it persists without improvement for over two weeks (possible sinusitis) |
| The common could accounts for how much of the URT infections? | 1/3 or 1/2 |
| Rhinoviruses are responsible for: | 30 to 50% of common cold |
| Coronaviruses are responsible for: | 10 to 30% |
| The other 20-60% is caused by which viruses? | Adenovirus Respiratory syncytial virus ( RSV ) Enterovirus Influenza and Parainfluenza virus |
| Why doesn't a common cold require medical intervention? | The common cold will resolve itself within 5-7 days |
| Why is there no vaccine for the common cold? | There are more than 100 serologic types of rhinovirus |
| What are the receptors for the rhinovirus? | I-CAM 1 |
| Replication of the rhinovirus occurs in the nasal cavity because: | this virus prefers to replicate at 33-34 C as in the nasal cavity |
| What is the incubation period of the rhinovirus? | 2-4 days |
| Mode of transmission: | Respiratory droplets Hand to hand contact |
| How many times per year can an individual suffer? | 2 to 5 times |
| Increased levels of bradykinin cause: | 1) Increased secretions 2) Vasodilation 3) Cough and sore throat 4) Headache 5) Malaise 6) Chills (rigors) |
| What are the possible complications of the common cold? | 1) Acute bacterial sinusitis 2) Acute bacterial 3) Otitis media 4) Asthma attacks 5) Worsening of chronic bronchitis |
| How does viral infection lead to bacterial superinfection? | 1) Drop in patient immunity 2) Inflammation in the phayrnx 3) Narrowing of the connection between the middle ear and the oral cavity (Eustachian) |
| How can we decrease the cough and the amount of secretions and to improve the lifestyle of the patient? | 1) Antihistamine 2) nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) 3) Decongestants 4) Cough suppressants (narcotics) |
| Coronavirus is: | Named because of crown-like projections on its surface. We have at least 10 species recognized 1 Human coronavirus It’s a + ssRNA , enveloped , has a helical symmetry |
| Three antigenic molecules are found in the virions: | Nucleocapsid Surface projection Transmembrane proteins *The main antigenic determinants reside on the surface projections |
| Human coronavirus strains fall into serological groups, which are named: | OC43 and 229E |
| This virus has a high frequency of what mutations? | Deletion mutations and recombination during replication which is unusual for an RNA virus with unsegmented genome |
| Coronaviruses may be associated with: | Gastroenteritis which occurs year-round |
| Other viruses to cause common colds are | 1) Coxsackie virus which is an enterovirus that causes herpangina ( severe sorethroat and vesiculoulcerative lesions in the palate or around thetonsils ) 2) Adenovirus, which also responsible for pharyngitis and even for pneumonia 3-influenza |
| Pharyngitis is: | An inflammatory process of the pharynx caused by viral agents mainly and bacteria |
| Which bacteria? | Strep group A pyogenes |
| Symptoms: | 1) sore throat 2) pain during swallowing and dysphagia 3) Fever 4) enlargement of the cervical lymph nodes 5) common cold symptoms 6) Inflammation of the pharynx and tonsils |
| Exudative or Diffuse erythema is associated with : | Group A , C, G Streptococcus , EBV, Neisseriae gonococcus C.diphtheriae, A.haemolyticum and Mycoplasma pneumonia |
| Ulcerating vesicles are a sign of: | Viral infection |
| When you see an exudate, this is a sign of: | Bacterial infection Small change of it being Adeno, EBV, and sometimes fungi (in the immunocompromised) |
| Quinsy is characterized by: | Tonsillar abscess , pain , fever and difficulty in swallowing Usually the treatment is done by drainage and antibiotics |
| The causative agents of epiglottitis are: | h.influenza( most common , now rare) , strep group A ,staph aureus and pneumococcus |
| We have two types of otitis media: | Acute and chronic |
| The acute one is linked to | Viral infection |
| Signs of Middle Ear Effusion: | 1) Bulging of tympanic membrane 2) Limited mobility 3) Airfluid level 4) otorrhoea |
| Evaluation of Signs and Symptoms of Middle Ear Inflammination: | Erythema of tymbanic membrane or Distinct otalgia The patients most of the time –especially children - present with severe pain that prevents them from sleeping and sometimes with otorrhoea You should start antibiotic treatment immediately |
| The main causative organisms are: | 1) Strep Pneumoniae up to 50% 2) Haemphilus Influenzae 30% 3) Moraxella catarrhalis 3-30% 4)Rhinovirus/RSV/Coronaviruses/Adenoviruses/Enteroviruses –40-75% collectively . |
| Symptoms: | Infant excessive crying, pulling ear Toddler: irritability , earache Both may have otorrhoea Signs: Fever ,bulging eardrum, fullness and erythema of tympanic membrane |
| Sinusitis is divided into: | Acute ,sub acute, recurrent acute, chronicand superimposed *We are going to discuss the acute |
| What percentage of children's UTIs may be complicated by sinusitis? | 5-13% |
| Causative agents: | 1) strep pneumoniae 2) H.influenza 3) Moraxella catarrhali |
Created by:
Ulaisl
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