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Geologic Time Study
8th Grade Earth Science
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Explain how fossils form. | An animal dies. It is covered in layers of sediment. The soft parts of the animal decay. As sediment presses down, and rock forms, minerals seep down and replace the bone in the same shape and form as the bone was in. |
| What is required for an organism to become fossilized? | 1. Covered quickly in sediments/ 2. Little to no oxygen. 3. Preferably, should have hard parts |
| Identify: Permineralized Remains - | Identify: -fossils that were once bones -sediment protects the body/plant from being destroyed by scavengers and slows down the decomposition process. -minerals mixed with water in the surrounding sediment will seep into the pores in the bones, etc. |
| Identify: Molds - | Identify: -hollow, empty -organism dies near a body of water -body fully decomposes |
| Identify: Casts- | Identify: - 3-dimensional copies of the outer part of a dead organism. - form when a mold fossil gets filled in by mineral mixed with water. Those minerals crystallize forming a rock in the shape of the dead organism. |
| Identify: Original Remains | Identify: -This type of fossil involves the original organism being encased in a material (amber, tar, ice) that prevents the decomposition of the organism. -mot common type is organisms trapped in tree sap (amber) -some animals trapped in ice |
| Identify: Coal - | -This forms from plants in swamp/wetland environments. Leaves fall into water & sink The hot/wet environment = decomposing dead plant matter = creates carbon- peat The peat gets covered up by sediment that turns to rock. Pressure turns peat into coal |
| Principle of Superposition- Relative Dating | - oldest layer of rock is on the bottom, newest on top If vein of rock(ex. dike) cuts across layers of sedimentary rock, then the dike is younger than the surrounding rock bc the sedimentary rock had to already have been there for it to cut across. |
| Angular Unconformity - | sedimentary rock lies horizontally over tilted, folded, or uplifted layers. |
| Disconformity - | Sedimentary rock is weathered/eroded. New sediments are deposited on top creating new rock. An uneven line dividing the newer sedimentary rock from the previously weathered sedimentary rock can be seen. |
| Nonconformity- | exist between sedimentary rocks and metamorphic/igneous rock when the sedimentary rock lies above and was deposited on the pre-existing and eroded metamorphic or igneous rock, contact between different rock types |
| Atoms: 3 types of particles found in the atom, where they are found in the atoms, and their charges. | Protons- positive charge, found in center/nucleus Neutrons- neutral, no charge, found in center/nucleus Electrons-negative charge, travel outside of the nucleus |
| What is a species? | -A group of organisms that normally reproduces ONLY with other members of their group. -Reproduction is the key to the survival of a species. |
| What is organic evolution? | -The fossil record shows that species have changed over geologic time. -Environmental changes can affect an organism’s survival. -Organisms that can not adapt physically or genetically will not survive. |
| How does natural selection work? | -A process by which organisms with characteristics that are suited to a certain environment have a better chance of survival and reproduction. |
| Who came up with the concept of evolution & natural selection? | Charles Darwin |
| What is a supereon & what is the name of the only one? | largest section of time, there is only one in Earth’s history (Precambrian) |
| Place the eons in proper chronological order. | Hadean Eon, Archaen Eon, Proterozoic Eon, Phanerozoic Eon |
| Place the eras of the Phanerozoic eon in proper chronological order.(oldest to youngest) | Paleozoic Era, Mesozoic Era, Cenozoic Era |
| Match the various ages of animals to the correct eras. | Paleozoic Era: Age of Invertebrates, then Fishes, then Amphibians Mesozoic Era: Age of Reptiles (dinosaurs) Cenozoic Era: Age of Mammals |
| What is the estimated age of the Earth? | About 4.6 billion years old |
| How and when was the moon formed? | Object collides with partially molten Earth producing a blob that becomes the Moon, Hadean Eon, 4.5 bya |
| When was the Earth's first atmosphere formed, what was it made of? | First atmosphere of Hydrogen & Helium created (then destroyed by a heavy bombardment of meteors), Hadean Eon |
| How and when was water formed? | Water "appeared" because of comet strikes, Hadean Eon |
| How and when was the first life on Earth formed and what was it? | First simple single-celled organisms evolve (possibly forms of bacteria), Archaen Eon |
| How and when was the Earth's oxygen formed/where did it come from? | Bacteria begin to do photosynthesis producing oxygen (cyanobacteria), Archaen Eon |
| When did the invertebrates (Trilobites) dominate? | Early Paleozoic Eon |
| When did Pangea form and separate? | -Formed at about 250mya in late Paleozoic Era -Separated into Gondwandlandand Laurasia in early Mesozoic Era about 200mya |
| What caused the largest mass extinction in Earth history, when was it? | The largest mass extinction in Earth’s history kills 90% of all marine life & 70% of land species (Permian Period.) Possibly due to the formation of Pangaea, high levels of CO2, and an increase in global volcanic activity. |
| When did the dinosaurs dominate? | Mesozoic Era |
| What was the evolutionary importance of reptiles? | They are the 1st vertebrate to live entirely out of the water. |
| How and when did the first humans "appear"? | Humans, or the early Homo sapiens, "appeared" in the Cenezoic Era at about 200,000 years ago and are the most dominant and complex animal. |
| What ancient group of organisms are birds related to? | Birds evolve from dinosaurs in the Jurassic Period. |
| What factors led to the extinction of the dinosaurs? | The 2nd largest mass extinction in history kills dinosaurs Many factors could have led to the extinction: -Plate Tectonics causing climate changes -Comet/Asteroid hit the Earth -Blocking out of the Sun -Cooling temperatures -Starvation |
| What was Oklahoma like during the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, & Cenozoic eras? | Oklahoma is under a large sea. |
Created by:
*BROOKE*
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