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Criminology
Ch. 7 Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| sociological social psychology | the study of human interactions and relationships, emphasizing such issues as group dynamics and socialization |
| socialization | the interactions people have with various organizations, institutions, and processes of society |
| social process or socialization theory | the view that criminality is a function of people's interactions with various organizations, institutions, and processes in society |
| parental efficacy | parenting that is supportive, effective, and noncoercive |
| social learning theory | the view that human behavior is modeled through observation of human social interactions, either directly from observing those who are close and from intimate contact, or indirectly through the media |
| social control theory | the view that people commit crime when the forces that bind them to society are weakened or broken |
| social reaction theory (labeling theory) | the view that people become criminals when significant members of society label them as such and they accept those labels as a personal identity |
| differential association theory | according to Sutherland, the principle that criminal acts are related to a person's exposure to an excess amount of antisocial attitudes and values |
| differential reinforcement theory | an attempt to explain crime as a type of learned behavior |
| direct conditioning or differential reinforcement | behavior is reinforced by being either rewarded or punished while interacting with others |
| diversion programs | programs of rehab that remove offenders from the normal channels of the CJ system, thus avoiding the stigma of a criminal label |
| negative reinforcement | using either negative stimuli (punishment) or loss of reward (negative punishment) to curtail unwanted behaviors |
| neutralization theory | holds that offenders adhere to conventional values while "drifting" into periods of illegal behavior |
| subterranean values | morally tinged influences that have become entrenched into the culture but are publicly condemned |
| drift | according to Matza, the view that youths move in and out of delinquency and that their lifestyles can embrace both conventional and deviant values |
| commitment to conformity | a strong personal investment in conventional institutions, individuals, and processes that prevents people from engaging in behavior that might jeopardize their reputation and achievements |
| containment theory | the idea that a strong self-image insulates a youth from the pressures and pulls of criminogenic influences in the environment |
| social bond | ties a person has to the institutions and processes of society |
| symbolic interaction theory | the sociological view that people communicate through symbols |
| stigma | an enduring label that taints a person's identity and changes him/her in the eyes of others |
| reflected appraisals | when parents are alienated from their children, their negative labeling reduces their children's self-image and increases delinquency |
| retrospective reading | the reassessment of a person's past to fit a current generalized label |
| dramatization of evil | as the negative feedback of law enforcement agencies, parents, friends, teachers, and other figures amplifies the force of the original label, stigmatized offenders may begin to reevaluate their own identities |
| primary deviance | according to Lemert, deviant acts that do not help redefine the self-image and public image of the offender |
| secondary deviance | according to Lemert, accepting deviant labels as a personal identity |
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