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Infection Control
Infections Control in Radiation Oncology Facilities
| Category | Terminology & Effects |
|---|---|
| Contamination | presence of microorganisms on body or inanimate objects - directly or indirectly spread |
| Colonization | microorganism is present in body and multiplying, but host is not sick = a carrier only. |
| Epidemiology | study of disease cause and distribution |
| Infection | reproduction of microorganisms in the human body |
| Disease | related signs and symptoms associated with infection |
| Nosocomial Infection | are infections acquired in the healthcare setting |
| Nosocomial Infection | are caught by patient, healthcare worker (HCW), or visitor |
| Nosocomial Infection | is the primary goal of epidemiology department to prevent these infections |
| Nosocomial Infection | Centers for Disease Control (CDC) actively involved in prevention – establish standards and guidelines |
| Nosocomial Infection | National rate of nosocomial infections is 5.7%, mostly to central venous catheters and urinary catheters |
| Nosocomial Infection | 30-50% are preventable by small efforts, such as handwashing |
| Nosocomial Infection | Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – formulates standards and guidelines of infection control measures. |
| Nosocomial Infection | Institute of Medicine (IOM) – provides reports on errors and nosocomial infections. |
| Nosocomial Infection "Accrediting body for health care organizations" | Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) now AKA The Joint Commission (TJC) – an independent, nonprofit dedicated to improving quality of care in organized health care settings. |
| Infection Cycle | Begins with a pathogen, or infectious agent, such as bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa, or algae |
| Infection Cycle | Pathogenecity = ability of pathogen to cause disease |
| Infection Cycle | Virulence = severity of disease |
| Infection Cycle - Pathogens need a reservoir to live and reproduce in | The source where the pathogen came from |
| Infection Cycle - Pathogens need a reservoir to live and reproduce in | The Host of a person to whom the infectious agent is passed to |
| Infection Cycle - Pathogens need a reservoir to live and reproduce in | Through transmission, the movement of agent from source to host |
| Transmission & Entrance | Agent passes through a portal of exit, such as the respiratory or GI tract, blood, or non-intact skin and finds an entrance portal, such as skin, respiratory or GI tract, urinary tract, or a transplanted organ |
| If disease develops, it goes through 3 phases | Incubation = time interval between exposure and appearance of symptoms Clinical disease = all symptoms present Convalescence = stage of recovery |
| Contact | Is the MOST important route for Nosocomial Infection |
| Direct Contact | Means a Physical contact has been made |
| Indirect Contact | Contaminated objects such as a needle, makes contact |
| Large droplet/Routes of Transmission | Transfers through the air over a short distance, 5 feet or less |
| Large droplet/Routes of Transmission | Examples such as: Rubella, common colds, influenza |
| Common vehicle (fomite) | Contaminated inanimate objects, such as food, water, medications, medical equipment or supplies |
| Airborne | Are smaller droplets that travels 6 feet or more |
| Airborne | Are evaporated droplets or skin squames are inhaled by host |
| Airborne | Requires special ventilation that reduces risk |
| Airborne | Measles, chicken pox, TB, streptococcal infections, wounds |
| Vectorborne | Are caused from: bugs, ticks, mosquitoes, rats, snakes, bees |
| Vectorborne | Cause diseases such as malaria and Lyme disease |
| Nonspecific Defenses | Intact skin, cilia of respiratory tract, age |
| Specific defenses | Immunity |
| Natural immunity | By having had the disease (chicken pox, Epstein Barr virus) |
| Artificial immunity | |Through vaccinations or transplacental (Measles, Rubella, Influenza) |
| Environmental factors related to nosocomial infections | 1) Airflow, temperature, humidity 2) Carpet 3) Flowers 4) Laundry 5) Specific to RT department – bite blocks, table, slider boards, tattoo ink, pens/markers used for skin |
| Drug-resistant microorganisms | Some microorganisms have found ways to change/mutate their genetic makeup and resist antibiotics (MRSA, VRE) |
| Drug-resistant microorganisms | Sometimes the tougher microorganisms can survive if antibiotic use is discontinued |
| Drug-resistant microorganisms | Are responsible for lots of nosocomial infections (aka hospital-acquired infections) |
| Recommended Vaccinations for HCW "Health Care Workers" | 1) Hepatitis B (series of 3 vaccines over time) 2) Influenza (yearly) |
| Recommended Vaccinations for HCW "Health Care Workers" | 3) Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) (usually done in childhood) 4) Diptheria, pertussis, tetanus (DTaP-children)(TDAP-children over 7 & adults) |
| Recommended Vaccinations for HCW "Health Care Workers" | 5) Varicella (series of 2 vaccines given years apart if you have not already had chicken pox) |
| Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) | In 1991, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) mandated that hepatitis B vaccination be available to all at-risk employees at no cost |
| The Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) vaccine | is a 3-part series & is 90% effective |
| The Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is much easier to get than HIV | in blood and body fluids and can live for 7 days at room temperature on a surface |
| Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) - True Fact | In 1992, 5020 HCW infected, 6 died, 300 turned into chronic hepatitis, which increases risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer |
| Hepatis C Virus | 1) Was identified in 1989 and has become more of a concern 2) There are no vaccines 3) Transmitted through blood, body fluids and household contact |
| Hepatis C Virus | 4) Prevention: risky sexual behavior, drug use, body piercing, tattooing 5) Responsible for almost half of the annual liver transplants |
| Transmission of Tuberculosis (TB) | is airborne – sneeze, cough, talking |
| If exposed of Tuberculosis (TB) | only 5%-10% chance of getting it |
| Tuberculosis (TB) | is on the increase since 1985 due to AIDS, increased immigration and inadequate precautions |
| There are no effective vaccination found for Tuberculosis (TB): | for adults, but CHILDREN (only) in countries with TB endemic are given the BCG vaccine (Bacille Calmette-Guérin) |
| According to OSHA | minimum level of protection is a N-95 respirator (95% of particles will be stopped) |
| Screening for TB | is done by Mantoux test. Mantoux test AKA purified protein derivative (PPD) – an intradermal skin test read 48 hours after given. Considered positive if 10 mm or more of induration |
| Tuberculosis (TB) | can be cured by 10 days of antibiotics – (should not work till treated) |
| HCW should stay home if any of the following diseases | Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye) Diarrhea Strep HAV (Hepatitis A Virus) Herpes simplex of exposed skin MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella) Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Rabies Staph infection Varicella zoster (Chicken Pox) |
| VZ | chicken pox |
| VZV | Varicella zoster virus |
| Herpes zoster | shingles |
| Shingles & Chicken Pox relation | Shingles lies dormant after having chicken pox and may show up if person is immunosuppressed |
| Varivax was created for chicken pox in | 1995 |
| The FDA approved Zostavax, a vaccine for the herpes-zoster virus | In 2007 |
| Only workers who have had chicken pox or the vaccine | should work with patients with VZV |
Created by:
Nablis07
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