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Biochem Final

Question	Answer
Glycolysis is the name given to a metabolic pathway occurring in many different cell types. It consists of 11 enzymatic steps that convert glucose to lactic acid. Glycolysis is an example of:	fermentation
The conversion of 1 mol of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to 2 mol of pyruvate by the glycolytic pathway results in a net formation of:	2 mol of NADH and 4 mol of ATP
In glycolysis, fruc 1,6-bispho is conv to 2 prod with a standard dtaG change of 23.8 kJ/mol. Under what conditions (encountered in a normal cell) will the free-energy change (delta G) be negative, enabling the reaction to proceed to the right?	When there is a high concentration of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate relative to the concentration of products
Which of the following reactions in glycolysis requires ATP as a substrate?	Hexokinase
Which of the following reactions in glycolysis produces ATP as a product?	Pyruvate kinase
Which of the following reactions in glycolysis is an aldose to ketose isomerization?	Phosphohexose isomerase
Which of the following reactions in glycolysis is a ketose to aldose isomerization?	Triose phosphate isomerase
The steps of glycolysis between glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate involve all of the following except:	oxidation of NADH to NAD+.
The first reaction in glycolysis that results in the formation of an energy-rich compound is catalyzed by:	glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Which of the following is a cofactor in the reaction catalyzed by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase?	NAD+
Glycogen is converted to monosaccharide units by:	glycogen phosphorylase
During strenuous exercise, the NADH formed in the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction in skeletal muscle must be reoxidized to NAD+ if glycolysis is to continue. The most important reaction involved in the reoxidation of NADH is:	pyruvate > lactate
The anaerobic conversion of 1 mol of glucose to 2 mol of lactate by fermentation is accompanied by a net gain of:	2 mol of ATP
Which of these cofactors participates directly in most of the oxidation-reduction reactions in the fermentation of glucose to lactate?	NAD+/NADH
In comparison with the resting state, actively contracting human muscle tissue has a:	higher rate of lactate formation.
When a muscle is stimulated to contract aerobically, less lactic acid is formed than when it contracts anaerobically because:	under aerobic conditions most of the pyruvate generated as a result of glycolysis is oxidized by the citric acid cycle rather than reduced to lactate.
Which of the following statements is incorrect?	Under anaerobic conditions pyruvate does not form because glycolysis does not occur.
Define “fermentation” and explain, by describing relevant reactions, how it differs from glycolysis.	Fermentation is the operation of the glycolytic pathway under anaerobic conditions. Under aerobic conditions, the pyruvate produced by glycolysis is oxidized to acetyl-CoA, which passes through the citric acid cycle.
NADH produced in the oxidations passes electrons to O2, and is thus recycled to NAD+ allowing the continuation of the glycolytic reactions. When no O2 is available to reoxidize	the NADH produced by the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction, electrons from NADH must be passed to one of the products of glycolysis, such as pyruvate or acetaldehyde, forming lactate or ethanol.
In glycolysis there are two reactions that require one ATP each and two reactions that produce one ATP each. This being the case, how can fermentation of glucose to lactate lead to the net production of two ATP molecules per glucose?	The 2 rxns that prod ATP in gly (those catalyzed by phosphogly kinase and pyr kinase) involve 3-C comp, whereas the 2 rxns that cons ATP occur at the level of hexoses. 2 ATP are cons and 4 are prod for each glu resulting in a net yield of 2 ATP per glu.
Briefly describe the possible metabolic fates of pyruvate produced by glycolysis in humans, and explain the circumstances that favor each.	Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA and passes through the citric acid cycle. Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is reduced to lactate to recycle NADH to NAD+, allowing the continuation of glycolysis.
Show how NADH is recycled to NAD+ under aerobic conditions and under anaerobic conditions. Why is it important to recycle NADH produced during glycolysis to NAD+?	Cells contain a small supply of NAD+ and NADH. The oxid of gly 3-phosphate req NAD+ as an elect acc—it conv NAD+ to NADH. Under aerobic cond, NADH passes electrons to O2; under anaerobic cond, NADH reduces pyruvate to lactate, and is recycled to NAD+.
At which point in glycolysis do C-3 and C-4 of glucose become chemically equivalent?	When dihydroxyacetone phosphate is converted into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by triose phosphate isomerase, C-3 and C-4 of glucose become equivalent; they are both C-1 of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
Explain why Pi (inorganic phosphate) is absolutely required for glycolysis to proceed.	Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is an essential substrate in the reaction catalyzed by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
Yeast can metabolize D-mannose to ethanol and CO2. If mannose is converted to ethanol and CO2 by the most direct pathway, which of the compounds and cofactors are involved?	Acetaldehyde,Pyruvate, Thiamine pyrophosphate, Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Explain why the phosphorolysis of glycogen is more efficient than the hydrolysis of glycogen in mobilizing glucose for the glycolytic pathway.	Phosphorolysis yields glu 1-phos, which can be converted into glu 6-phos WO the investment of energy from ATP. Hydrolysis of gly yields free glu, which must be converted into glu 6-phosphate (at the expense of ATP) before it can enter glycolysis.
Explain the biochemical basis of the human metabolic disorder called lactose intolerance.	Lactase, found in children, has been lost in adults. WO this enz, the indivi cannot hydrolyze lac and take up the resulting monosacs; instead, lac passes into the large intestine, where it is metabolized by bac, prod gastric distress.
The yeast used in brewing the alcoholic beverage beer can break down glucose either aerobically or anaerobically using alcoholic fermentation. Explain why beer is brewed under anaerobic conditions.	Since aerobic breakdown of glu yields more energy than ferm, in the presence of O, yeast cells would not carry out ferm and no alc would be prod. Under anaerobic cond, the yeast fermt the glu to CO2 and EtOH, both of which are key ingredients in beer.
Explain with words, diagrams, or structures why lactate accumulates in the blood during bursts of very vigorous exercise (such as a 100-meter dash	As glyproceeds under anaerobic cond, NAD+ is conv to NADH , but the muscle tissue has no O2 for NADH to pass electrons. To recycle NADH to NAD+, which is essential for continuing glycolysis, electrons from NADH are used to reduce pyruvate to lactate.
Describe the fate of pyruvate, formed by glycolysis in animal skeletal muscle at rest	At rest, plenty of O2 is being delivered to the muscle, and pyruvate formed during glycolysis is oxidized to acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Acetyl groups then enter the citric acid cycle and are oxidized to CO2.
Describe the fate of pyruvate, formed by glycolysis in animal skeletal muscle during an all out sprint	Under the conditions of exertion, skel muscle cant be supplied with enough O2 to keep metabolism completely aerobic; muscle tissue must function anaerobically. Pyr is redu to lactate to recycle NADH, formed by gly, to NAD+ so that gly can continue.
If a person had white muscle tissue devoid of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase, how would this affect his or her metabolism at rest and during strenuous exercise?	The lack of this enzyme would cause no significant problems at rest because aerobic red muscle tissue would function well. During strenuous exercise, the absence of lactate dehydro would reduce the ability of muscle to perform anaerobically.
Which of the following is not true of the reaction catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?	Biotin participates in the decarboxylation
Which of the below is not required for the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA?	ATP
Which combination of cofactors is involved in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?	TPP, lipoic acid, and NAD+
Which of the following statements about the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate in aerobic conditions in animal cells is correct?	One of the products of the reactions of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is a thioester of acetate.
Which of the following is not true of the citric acid cycle?	All enzymes of the cycle are located in the cytoplasm, except succinate dehydrogenase, which is bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Acetyl-CoA labeled with 14C in both of its acetate carbon atoms is incubated with unlabeled oxaloacetate and a crude tissue prep capable of carrying out the rxns of the citric acid cycle. After one turn of the cycle, oxaloacetate would have 14C in:	all four carbon atoms.
Malonate is a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase. If malonate is added to a mitochondrial preparation that is oxidizing pyruvate as a substrate, which of the following compounds would you expect to decrease in concentration?	Fumarate
Which of the following is not an intermediate of the citric acid cycle?	Acetyl-coA
In mammals, each of the following occurs during the citric acid cycle except	net synthesis of oxaloacetate from acetyl-CoA
Oxaloacetate uniformly labeled with 14C is condensed with unlabeled acetyl-CoA. After a single pass through the citric acid cycle back to oxaloacetate, what fraction of the original radioactivity will be found in the oxaloacetate?	1/2
Conversion of 1 mol of acetyl-CoA to 2 mol of CO2 and CoA via the citric acid cycle results in the net production of:	1 mol of FADH2
Which one of the following is not associated with the oxidation of substrates by the citric acid cycle?	Pyridine nucleotide oxidation
The two moles of CO2 produced in the first turn of the citric acid cycle have their origin in the:	two carboxyl groups derived from oxaloacetate.
The oxidative decarboxylation of α-ketoglutarate proceeds by means of multistep reactions in which all but one of the following cofactors are required. Which one is not required?	ATP
The reaction of the citric acid cycle that is most similar to the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex-catalyzed conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is the conversion of:	α-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA.
Which one of the following enzymatic activities would be decreased by thiamine deficiency?	α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
The reaction of the citric acid cycle that produces an ATP equivalent (in the form of GTP) by substrate level phosphorylation is the conversion of:	succinyl-CoA to succinate
For the following reaction, delta G'° = 29.7 kJ/mol. L-Malate + NAD+ > oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ The reaction as written:	may occur in cells at certain concentrations of substrate and product.
All of the oxidative steps of the citric acid cycle are linked to the reduction of NAD+ except the reaction catalyzed by:	succinate dehydrogenase
Which of the following cofactors is required for the conversion of succinate to fumarate in the citric acid cycle?	FAD
In the citric acid cycle, a flavin coenzyme is required for:	oxidation of succinate
Anaplerotic reactions .	All of the above: prodoxaloacetate and malate to maintain cons levels of citacid cycle interm, prod biotin needed by pyruvate carboxylase, recycle pantothenate used to make CoA, prod pyru and citrate to maintain cons levels of citric acid cycle interm
Intermediates in the citric acid cycle are used as precursors in the biosynthesis of:	amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids, sterols.
The conversion of 1 mol of pyruvate to 3 mol of CO2 via pyruvate dehydrogenase and the citric acid cycle also yields _____ mol of NADH, _____ mol of FADH2, and _____ mol of ATP (or GTP).	4,2,1
Entry of acetyl-CoA into the citric acid cycle is decreased when	the ratio of [ATP]/[ADP] is high
Citrate synthase and the NAD+-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase are two key regulatory enzymes of the citric acid cycle. These enzymes are inhibited by:	ATP and/or NAD+.
During seed germination, the glyoxylate pathway is important to plants because it enables them to:	obtain glyoxylate for pyrimidine synthesis.
A function of the glyoxylate cycle, in conjunction with the citric acid cycle, is to accomplish the:	complete oxidation of acetyl-CoA to CO2 plus reduced coenzymes.
The glyoxylate cycle is:	the most direct way of providing the precursors for synthesis of nucleic acids (e.g., ribose).
Suppose high pyruvate in a patient’s blood. A possible cause is a defect in pyruvate dehydrogenase, but another is vitamin deficiency. Explain what vitamin might be deficient and why it accounts for high levels of pyruvate to be excreted.	The patient has a deficiency of thiamine, without which the cell cannot make thiamine pyrophosphate.WHen you cant oxidize pyruvate produce by glycolysis to acetyl-CoA would lead to accumulation of pyruvate in blood and urine.
Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)	Attacks and attaches to the central carbon in pyruvate
Oxidizes FADH2	NAD+
Accepts the acetyl group from reduced lipoic acid	Coenzyme A (CoA-SH)
Oxidizes the reduced form of lipoic acid	FAD
Initial electron acceptor in oxidation of pyruvate	Lipoic acid in oxidized form
Cofactor: NAD+/NADH	Function: carries e-
Cofactor: FAD/FADH2	Function: carries e-
Cofactor: CoA	Function: carries small carbon-containing molecules
Cofactor: thiamine	Function: carries small carbon-containing molecules
Cofactor: biotin	Function: carries small carbon-containing molecules
Almost all of the oxygen (O2) one consumes in breathing is converted to:	water
Which of the following electron carriers is not able to transfer one electron at a time?	NADH
A new compound isolated from mitochondria is claimed to represent a previously unrecognized carrier in the ETC. It is given the name coenzyme Z. Which line of evidence do you feel is the least conclusive in assigning it to the electron transfer chain?	When added to a mitochondrial suspension, coenzyme Z is taken up very rapidly and specifically by the mitochondria.
Antimycin A blocks electron transfer between cytochromes b and c1. If intact mitochondria were incubated with antimycin A, excess NADH, and an adequate supply of O2, which of the following would be found in the oxidized state?	Cytochrome a3
Reduced QH2 is not formed by which of the following?	Complex III and cytochrome c
In the reoxidation of QH2 by purified ubiquinone-cytochrome c reductase (Complex III) from heart muscle, the overall stoichiometry of the reaction requires 2 mol of cytochrome c per mole of QH2 because:	cytochrome c is a one-electron acceptor, whereas QH2 is a two-electron donor.
Which of the following is not a feature of complex IV?	in order to generate two water molecules, complex IV must go through the catalytic cycle two times.
Which of the following is not true of the proton motive force (pmf)?	Generation of the pmf in mitochondria requires succinate.
If electron transfer in tightly coupled mitochondria is blocked (with antimycin A) between cytochrome b and cytochrome c1, then:	all ATP synthesis will stop
In normal mitochondria, the rate of NADH consumption (oxidation) will:	be increased in active muscle, decreased in inactive muscle.
Uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation:	slows down the citric acid cycle.
Which of the following is correct concerning the mitochondrial ATP synthase?	When it catalyzes the ATP synthesis reaction, the delta G'° is actually close to zero.
When the delta G'° of the ATP synthesis reaction is measured on the surface of the ATP synthase enzyme, it is found to be close to zero. This is thought to be due to:	stabilization of ATP relative to ADP by enzyme binding.
During oxidative phosphorylation, the proton motive force that is generated by electron transport is used to:	induce a conformational change in the ATP synthase.
The rate of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria is controlled primarily by:	the mass-action ratio of the ATD-ADP system.
Glucose is an excellent fuel:	Yields good amount of energy upon oxidation Can be efficiently stored in the polymeric form
Glucose is a versatile biochemical precursor . It is used to build the carbon skeletons of	- All the amino acids - Membrane lipids - Nucleotides in DNA and RNA - Cofactors needed for the metabolism
Four Major Pathways of Glucose Utilization	Storage: Can be stored in the polymeric form (starch, glyco).When there’s excess energy. Glycolysis:Generates energy Pentose Phosphate Pathway: Generates NADPH For the biosynthesis of lipids and nucleotides Synthesis of Structural Polysaccharide
Glycolysis	A Catabolic, energy yielding biochemical pathway. One of the first pathways to be identified and understood.Serves under both aerobic & anaerobic conditions.Universal- present in all known living organisms
For each molecule of glucose that passes through the preparatory phase	two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate are formed
In glycolysis we take 10 steps to convert glucose into	pyruvate
In the first step of glycolysis (irreversible)	Glucose is converted into glucose 6-Phosphate with the help of the enzyme Hexokinase. One ATP is used in this step and is converted to ADP
In the second step of glycolysis	Glucose 6- Phosphate is converted into Fructose 6- phosphate with the help of the enzyme Phosphohexose isomerase
In the third step of glycolysis (irreversible)	Fructose 6- Phosphate is converted into Fructose 1,6, - biPhosphate with the help of the enzyme Phosphofructokinase. One ATP is used in this step and is converted into ADP.
In the fourth step of glycolysis	Fructose 1,6- Biphosphate is cut in half and converted into Glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate and Dihydroxyacetone phosphate by using the enzyme Aldolase.
In the fifth step of glycolysis	We begin the payoff phase. The Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is converted into Glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate by using the enzyme Triose phosphate isomerase. Now we have two Glyceraldehydes.
In the sixth step of glycolysis	The 2 Glyceraldehyde 3- phosphates are converted into (2) 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate by using the enzyme Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. 2Pi ans 2NAD+ are used in this step but 2 NADH + H+ are created in this phase.
In the seventh step of glycolysis	the two 1,3 - Biphosphoglycerate are converted into (2) 3-phosphoglycerate by using the enzyme Phosphoglycerate kinase. 2 ATP are generated in this step.
In the eighth step of glycolysis	the two 3-Phosphglycerate is converted to 2-Phosphoglycerate (2) by using the enzyme Phosphoglycerate mutase.
In the ninth step if glycolysis	the two 2-phosphoglycerate are converted into phosphophenolpyruvate (2) by using the enzyme Enolase. 2H2O are generated in this step.
In the last step of glycolysis	(2) phosphophenolpyruvate are3 converted into pyruvarte by using the enzyme Pyruvate kinase. 2 ATP are generated in this step.
In aerobic conditions pyruvate will	enter the citric acid cycle.
In anaerobic conditions pyruvate	Ferments into lactate which recycles NAD+ which was made in aerobic proceses. This recycled material can then go back into glycolysis
The Cori Cycle	Metabolic cooperation between skeletal muscle and the liver
Catabolism:	The phase of intermediary metabolism concerned with the energy yielding degradation of nutrient molecules
Cellular Respiration	Process in which cells consume O2 and produce CO2 Provides more energy (ATP) from glucose than glycolysis Also captures energy stored in lipids and amino acids Used by animals, plants, and many microorganisms
Cellular respiration occurs in three major stages	Stage 1: CoA production Stage 2: acetyl CoA oxidation Stage 3: electron transfer and oxidative phosphorylation
In eukaryotes, citric acid cycle occurs in	mitochondria
Glycolysis occurs in the	cytoplasm
Citric acid cycle occurs in the	mitochondrial matrix.Except succinate dehydrogenase, which is located in the inner membrane
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the	inner membrane of the mitochondria
Inner mitochondrial membrane is much more selective, impermeable to most compounds, unless they have a	dedicated transport mechanism
Which of the below is not required for the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA?	ATP
Net Reaction	Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate First carbons of glucose to be fully oxidized. Catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.Requires 5 coenzymes TPP, lipoic acid, FAD, NAD+ and CoA-SH
Advantages of multienzyme complexes:	short distance between catalytic sites allows channeling of substrates from one catalytic site to another channeling minimizes side reactions regulation of activity of one subunit affects the entire complex
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase component	Prosthetic group: TPP Reaction catalyzed: Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate
Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase	Prosthetic group: Lipoamide Reactions catalyzed: Transfer of the acetyl group to CoA
Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase	Prosthetic group: FAD Reaction catalyzed: Regeneration of the oxidized form of lipoamide
Coenzymes are not a permanent part of the enzymes.They	associate, fulfill a function, and dissociate The function of CoA is to accept and carry acetyl groups
TPP participates in enzymes that cleave a carbon skeleton including	pyruvate degydrogenase, pyruvate decarboxylase, and transketolase
Lipoyl-lysine, a cofactor of the pyruvate dehydrogenase can take or donate up to two	hydrogen atoms
FAD+/FADH2 participates in the final phase of	redox transfer
NAD+ is the final acceptor of	reducing equivalents in the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction
Sequence of Events in Pyruvate Decarboxylation	Step 1: Decarboxylation of pyruvate to an aldehyde Step 2: Oxidation Step 3: Formation of acetyl-CoA Step 4: Reoxidation of the lipoamide cofactor Step 5: Regeneration of the oxidized FAD cofactor
Step 1 of converting pyruvate to acetyl-CoA:	pyruvate reacts with the bound thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) of pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), undergoing decarboxylation
Pyruvate dehydrogenase carries out step 2, the transfer of	two electrons and the acetyl group from TPP to the the lipoyl-lysyl group to form the acetyl thioester of the reduced lipoyl group
Citric acid cycle Step 1:	C-C bond formation to make citrate
Citric acid cycle Step 2:	Isomerization via dehydration/rehydration
Citric acid cycle Steps 3,4:	Oxidative decarboxylations to give 2 NADH
Citric acid cycle Step 5:	Substrate-level phosphorylation to give GTP
Citric acid cycle Step 6:	Dehydrogenation to give reduced FADH2
Citric acid cycle Step 7:	Hydration
Citric acid cycle Step 8:	Dehydrogenation to give NADH
Open conformation:	Free enzyme does not have a binding site for acetyl-CoA
Closed conformation:	Binding of OAA creates binding for acetyl-CoA
Which one of the following enzymatic activities would be decreased by thiamine deficiency?	a-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
Acetyl-CoA labeled with 14C in both of its acetate C atoms is incubated with unlabeled oxaloacetate and a tissue preparation capable of carrying out the reactions of the citric acid cycle. After one turn of the cycle, oxaloacetate would have 14C in:	the two carboxyl carbons
The Citric acid cycle	- A “circular” biochemical pathway - Functions under aerobic conditions - Provides much reducing power to oxidative phosphorylation (ATP synthesis) - Universal- present in all known living organisms
Energy from reduced fuels is used to	synthesize ATP in animals
The main reduced fuels for the cell are	Carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids
Electrons from reduced fuels are transferred to	reduced cofactors NADH or FADH2
In oxidative phosphorylation, energy from NADH and FADH2 are used to make	ATP
Oxidative Phosphorylation Depends on	Electron Transfer. Electrons from the reduced cofactors NADH and FADH2 are passed to proteins in the respiratory chain - Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are used to reduce oxygen to water.
In eukaryotes, oxygen is the ultimate	electron acceptor
Chemiosmotic energy coupling requires	membranes
Outer Membrane (Mitochondrion):	Relatively porous membrane allows passage of metabolites
Intermembrane Space (IMS) (Mitochondrion):	Similar environment to cytosol Higher proton concentration (lower pH)
Inner Membrane (Mitochondrion)	Relatively impermeable, with proton gradient across it Location of electron transport chain complexes Convolutions called Cristae serve to increase the surface area
Matrix (Mitochondrion)	Location of the citric acid cycle Lower proton concentration (higher pH)
Enzyme Complex: NADH-Q oxidoreductase	Prosthetic group: FMN,Fe-S
Enzyme Complex: Succinate-Q reductase	Prosthetic group: FAD,Fe-S
Enzyme Complex: Q-Cytochrome c oxidoreductase	Prosthetic group: Heme bh, Heme bL, Heme c1, Fe-S
Enzyme Complex: Cytochrome c oxidase	Prosthetic group: Heme a, Heme a3, CuA and CuB
Complete reduction of ubiquinone requires	two electrons and two protons.
Ubiquinone accepts	electrons. Upon accepting two electrons, it picks up two protons to give an ubiquinol
Ubiquinol can freely diffuse in the	membrane, carrying electrons with protons from one side of the membrane to another side
Coenzyme Q is	a mobile electron carrier transporting electrons from Complexes I and II to Complex III
Electrons flow in complex I from NADH through FMN and a series of iron-sulfur clusters to ubiquinone (Q). The electron flow results in	the pumping of four protons and the uptake of to protons from the mitochondrial matrix.
Succcinate dehydrogenase (Complex II):	The electrons from FADH2 are transferred to Fe-S, then to Q to form QH2.Complex II does not pump protons, consequently less ATP is formed from the oxidation of FADH2 then from NADH
Complex III: Cytochrome bc1 complex	Uses 2 electrons from QH2 to reduce 2 molecules of cyt c.Contains FeS clusters, cytochrome bs, and cytochrome cs.Results in four additional protons being transported to the IMS.Antimycin A or Myxothiazol prevents electron flow within complex III
Cytochrome c	The second mobile electron carrier A soluble heme-containing protein in the intermembrane space
Complex IV cytochrome oxidase	1.Contains two heme groups: a and a3 2. Contains copper ions CuA: two ions that accept electrons from Cyt c CuB: transfers four electrons to oxygen 3. Four additional protons are passed from the matrix to the intermembrane space
Yields of Glycolysis	2NADH (cytosolic) and 2ATP
Yields of Pyruvate oxidation (two per glucose)	2NADH (mitochondrial matrix)
Yields of Acetyl-CoA oxidation in the citric acid cycle (two per glucose)	6 NADH (mitochondrial matrix), 2FADH2, 2 ATP or two GTP

Created by: awahay

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