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Meteorology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ozone | Three oxygen atoms bonded together in an O3 molecule. Ozone in the lower atmosphere is a pollutant but in the upper atmosphere protects life from ultraviolet radiation. |
| Troposphere | The lowermost layer of the atmosphere; temperature decreases with altitude. |
| Stratosphere | Above the troposphere; temperature increases with altitude because of the presence of ozone. |
| Mesosphere | Layer between the stratosphere and thermosphere; temperature decreases with altitude. |
| Thermosphere | The outer atmosphere where gases are extremely thinly distributed. |
| Conduction | The process in which energy moves from a location of higher temperature to a location of lower temperature as heat. The material does not move, just the heat. |
| Convection | The movement of material due to differences in temperature. |
| Radiation | The movement of energy through empty space between objects by electromagnetic waves. |
| Reflection | Bouncing back. A wave bounces off a reflective surface, just as a light wave bounces off a mirror. |
| Scatteing | (of clouds) covering up to one-half of the sky. |
| Greenhouse Effect | The trapping of heat by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere; moderates temperatures. |
| Albedo | The fraction of incident light or radiation reflected by a surface or body, commonly expressed as a percentage. |
| Isotherms | Lines connecting locations that have equal temperatures. |
| Precipitation | Water that falls from the sky as rain, snow, sleet, or hail. |
| Latent heat | is the flux of heat from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere that is associated with evaporation or transpiration of water at the surface and subsequent condensation of water vapor in the troposphere. |
| Evaporation | The change in a substance from a liquid to a gas by the addition of energy. |
| Condensation | The change in a substance from a gas to a liquid, releases energy. |
| Condensation Nuclei | are small particles typically 0.2 µm, or 1/100th the size of a cloud droplet on which water vapour condenses. |
| Cirrus | cloud forming wispy filamentous tufted streaks at high altitude |
| Cumulus | a cloud forming rounded masses heaped on each other above a flat base at fairly low altitude. |
| Coriolis Effect | The apparent deflection of a freely moving object like water or air because of Earth's rotation. |
| Cyclone | Wind system that rotates around a low pressure center. |
| Sublimation | The change of a substance from a solid to a gas without going through the liquid phase. |
| Saturated | the state of the atmosphere in which air contains the maximum amount of water vapor that it can hold at a specific temperature and air pressure. |
| Stratus | cloud forming a continuous horizontal gray sheet, often with rain or snow. |
| Supersaturated | the condition which occurs in the atmosphere when the relative humidity is greater than 100%. |
| Stationary Front | A stalled front in which the air does not move. |
| Storm Surge | a rising of the sea as a result of atmospheric pressure changes and wind associated with a storm. |
| Humidity | The amount of water vapor held in the air. |
| Dew Point | The temperature at which air is saturated with water vapor; when it has 100% humidity. |
| Hygrometer/Psychrometer | consisting of two thermometers, one of which has a dry bulb and the other a bulb that is kept moist and ventilated. The difference between the readings of the thermometers gives an indication of atmospheric humidity |
| Pressure gradient | is a physical quantity that describes which direction and at what rate the pressure changes the most rapidly around a particular location. |
| Polar Easterlies | dry, cold prevailing winds that blow from the high-pressure areas of the polar highs at the north and south poles towards low-pressure areas within the Westerlies at high latitudes. |
| Weather Front | s a boundary separating two masses of air of different densities, and is the principal cause of meteorological phenomena. |
| Westerlies | the belt of prevailing westerly winds in the mid-latitudes of the northern and southern hemispheres. |
| Air Pressure | The force of air pressing on a given area. |
| Anti-cyclone | Wind system that rotates around a high pressure center. |
| Anemometer | an instrument for measuring the speed of the wind, or of any current of gas. |
| Air Mass | A large mass of air with the same temperature and humidity characteristics. |
| Barometer | An instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure. |
| Jet Stream | A fast-flowing river of air high in the atmosphere, where air masses with two very different sets of temperature and humidity characteristics move past each other. |
| Trade Winds | a wind blowing steadily toward the equator from the northeast in the northern hemisphere or the southeast in the southern hemisphere, especially at sea. |
| El Niño | A natural climate variation in which the trade winds weaken or reverse directions, and warm water accumulates on the ocean surface off of South America. |
| Occluded Front | A front in which a cold front overtakes a warm front. |
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