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WGU THC4 PART 1

WGU THC4 ETHICS KEY CONCEPTS

Question	Answer
Ethics	Study of moral values & conduct of individual group or culture.
Morality	Defined as the right or wrong of an action, a decision, or a way or living.
Mesopotamia	s the area of Tigris-Euphrates river system, along the Tigris & Euphrates rivers, largely modern Iraq;the "cradle of civilization", Bronze Age Mesopotamia included Sumer, Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires.
Egyptian "Book of the Dead"	Early Egyptian text (circ 1600 BC) that described the proper conduct needed for a happy after life; written on a papyrus scroll & placed burial chamber, was designed to provide instructions.
Hammurabi's Code	Represents a earliest legal action; it was established by 6th Babylonian King; established standards of behavior & listed crimes of their various punishments.
Legend of Gilamesh	Long poem from ancient Mesopotamia (2150 BCE-2000 BCE) recounts legends & myths about hero King Gilgamesh.
The Hebrew Torah	5 books of Hebrew bible; inspired word of God; historical narrative of development of Judaism as well as a legal & theological framework for life and ethical system.
Hero Stories	Legend of Gilamesh
Thales	Early Greek philosopher who questioned existence; deduced that this "something" was water. Everything that existed is "caused" by water, he believed, which allowed him to form the idea "that Many are related by the One."
Democritus	Credited w/ developing one of the first codes for human behavior, known as 'laughing philosopher' because of his emphasis on value of "cheerfulness," Democritus believed that happiness stemmed from an even temperament and from a life of moderation.
Socrates	taught that virtue and knowledge are the same thing. Vice and evil were the absence of knowledge; in other words, ignorance. By forming this construction, Socrates theorized that no one commits an evil act to do evil.
Socratic method	Knowledge and virtue are one; Justice cannot mean harming others; Evil, vice are based on ignorance; Striving for good is the condition of all humans; The soul is a person's conscious personality
Plato	born in Athens, Greece, to a very prominent family; student & friend of Socrates. As a writer, he is considered to have a poetic bent to his prose and a subtle humor that reaches across centuries. Republic - 1st Utopian model of Western civilization.
The Cave	Most well-known Allegory of Plato’s. People in cave & cannot see world as it is, only see shadows of world, images & shapes that are not world at all. Knowledge of world is sun & knowledge comes to us painfully; cave darkness is life w/out knowledge
Aristotle	son of a king's physician; studied at Plato's Academy; tutored Alexander the Great;known for his work in logic, metaphysics, psychology and biology, as well as ethics. As the inventor of formal logic, he based his system on syllogism
Epicurus	Greatest good comes from peace of mind (ataraxia) and pleasure (lack of bodily pain)
Virtue Ethics	An ethical approach that stresses moral characters in contrast to moral actions
The Cardinal Virtues	4 cardinal virtues: PRUDENCE right action at right time; JUSTICE - proper moderation between self-interest and rights & needs; RESTRAINT OR TEMPERANCE - practicing self-control, & moderation; COURAGE OR FORTITUDE - forbearance, endurance
The Divine of Natural Theory	is a view about the foundation of morality. It states that what is morally right is determined by the will of the single supreme deity (or, in a polytheistic religion, the agreement of all the gods).
The Theory of Natural Law	reason and its powers are, by necessity, a part of the natural law established by God.
(Hinduism)	(India) very nearly the oldest religion; 3rd largest religious group in world; can choose to worship any one of many gods; Many are vegetarians because of their belief in reincarnation.
Hinduism	Many deities, infinite spirit (mystical ideas)
Hinduism	All things are one (divine knowledge)
Hinduism	Vedas; Bhagavad-Gita; Upanishads (Sacred Writings)
Shiva	Major Hindu god, and one aspect of Trimurti. In the Shaiva tradition of Hinduism, Shiva is seen as the supreme God. In the Smarta tradition, he is one of the five primary forms of God.
Ramayana	(Hinduism)is an ancient Sanskrit epic that is thought to have been compiled between approximately 400 BCE and 200 CE. It is attributed to the Hindu sage (maharishi) Valmiki and forms an important part of the Hindu canon (smṛti).
Caste system	(Hinduism)People are at different stages of development
Varna	(Hinduism) Category of people (four Varnas) according to the body part of the divinity Purusha from which each group was created in Hinduism -related to caste system.
Dharma	(Hinduism) - role
Moksha	(Hinduism)the cycle of death and rebirth or reincarnation and all of the suffering and limitation of worldly existence.
Classical Chinese - Confucianism	stresses propriety, honor, and loyalty in fulfilling one's role in society.
China	(Classical Chinese - Confucianism)
Five Great Relationships	(Classical Chinese - Confucianism)
Dao "The Way"	(Classical Chinese Daosim)as a path to inner harmony, peace, and longevity.
Dao de Jing	(Tao Te Ching Classical Chinese Daosim ) Scriptural writings
Jainism	No god; eternal universe; dualistic; sacred writings Agamas; 2 parts, one seeks pleasure & one seeks detachment from world; nonviolence, nonlying, nonstealing, chastity, nonattachment.
Buddhism	No god; change is eternal, suffering rebirth; desire causes suffering, nonviolence to no end; rebirth & karma afterlife beliefs
The Buddha	founder of Buddhism
The Four Noble truths	are one of the most fundamental Buddhist teachings, four :suffering's nature, origin, cessation & the path leading to the cessation. They are among the truths Gautama Buddha is said to have realized during his experience of enlightenment.
Buddhism	Mahayana sutras, Tripitaka, Tibetan Book of the Dead (Sciptural writings)
Eight Fold Path	one of the principal teachings of the Buddha, who described it as the way leading to the cessation of suffering (dukkha) and the achievement of self-awakening.
Nirvana	s the state of being free from both suffering and the cycle of rebirth. It is an important concept in Buddhism and Jainism
Meditation	is a mental discipline by which one attempts to get beyond the reflexive, "thinking" mind into a deeper state of relaxation or awareness. Meditation often involves turning attention to a single point of reference.
Mahatma Gandhi (Gandhianism)	a major political & spiritual leader of India and the Indian independence movement;pioneer of satyagraha—resistance to tyranny thru mass civil disobedience, firmly founded upon ahimsa or total non-violence
Monotheistic	(believing in one God) religions in the West: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
Judaism	Received thru prophet; recorded in Torah (Hebrew Bible) & Talmud
Judaism	Follow ten commandments; Believe in God, do good deeds; Rabbi Simeon ben Gamaliel's: The world rests on 3 things: justice, truth & peace; Righteousness, encompasses benevolence & charity
Judaism	Rabbinic religious law, halakhah, which means "the way" contains some 500 rules for proper behavior
Christianity	Correct belief, faith, good deeds, receive sacrament (such as baptism); strive for Christ-like perfection
The Ten Commandments (Christianity)	Given to Moses from God, recorded in old testament of Bible
Golden Rule (Christianity)	So in everything, do to others what you would have them do to you, for this sums up the law & prophets
Richard Niebuhr and his Christ In Culture Theory (Christianity)
Islam	Received through Prophet Muhammad (d.632)record in Qur'an
Islam	"command the good and forbid the evil; Follow Five Pillars: creed, prayer, charity to poor, fasting during Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca
Qur'an (Islam)	scripture recorded by Muhammad
Five Pillars (Islam)	creed, prayer, charity to poor, fasting during Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca
Islam	Islamic religions law, Sharia, which means "way" or "the path" contains special instructions for day-to-day behavior, including dietary restrictions (no pork, no intoxicants) and other conducts (all part of laws that governor behavior)
Shi'a tradition (Islam)	A Muslim school of thought asserting the legitimate authority of 'Ali and his literal descendents; the minority in global Muslim community w/ strong presence in Iran & Iraq.
Sunni tradition (Islam)	Up to 90% of all Muslims follow Sunni tradition, making it largest branch of Islam. The name Sunni comes from Arabic sunnah, meaning the custom or example of the prophet Muhammad. By the 10th century, Muslim theology was codified into Sunni tradition.
Slippery slop defense
Empiricism	Does not address moral claims of those outside the social contract (for example, infants, mentally impaired people, animals)
John Locke	British thinker (1632-1704)most renowned for political philosophy, but also influenced ethical thinking of both Berkeley & Hume. Locke believed in God & the afterlife and that pleasure or rewards of afterlife would balance any injustices on Earth.
David Hume	British Thinker who placed more emphasis on feelings than most previous philosophers arguing that moral assessments are emotional reactions.
Utilitarianism	ethical theory constructed around reasoning that greatest good for greatest number is only criterion for creating morality. It is considered a consequentialist moral philosophy (ethics based on acting in whatever way results in best consequences).
Consequentialist moral philosophy	ethics based on acting in whatever way results in the best consequences)
Jeremy Bentham	a British philosopher & social reformer; ethics brought him to conclusion that government could not be ruled by aristocracy; believed in rights of animals because could feel pain; opposed to British legal system, especially for power held by judges.
Hedonic Calculus	INTENSITY, DURATION,CERTAINTY, PROPINQUITY FECUNDITY, PURITY, EXTENT
John Stuart Mill	was trained at the knee in Bentham's ethics – Bentham was his godfather – as well as all other subjects conducive to an intellectual, classical education of his time. He added to Bentham's ethics an intellectual refinement.
Thomas Hobbes	Social Contract Theory was primarily the work(1588-1679); his famous treatise is Leviathan; took a mechanistic view of humankind;great interest in math, physics & theory of rationalism during his time.
Morality and its construction
Immanuel Kant	(b. 1724-1804), was a German metaphysician, who remains, to this day, one of philosophy's most important figures. He was born in Konigsberg, Prussia; His greatest work is The Critique of Pure Reason. Kant's life spanned most of the eighteenth century.
Categorical Imperative	comes to us through reason; it is more important than anything personal we wish or desire.
Maxim	is a procedure for reasoning if an act is morally permissible and if it is a moral obligation. An act is categorical if it is something that applies to everyone in all instances.
Absolute Rules	According to Kant, allow us to be moral agents whose conduct is guided by universal laws
Good Will
Autonomy
Universalizability	The applicability of the moral rule to all
Dignity	—meaning, "worthy." The moment Kant formulated value of humans, dignity became innate to our being. Value = worth = dignity. Dignity is unconditional respect & esteem all humans should receive just in virtue of being rational & human.
Freedom
Retributivism	punishment can only address the crime, and it must be proportionate to the crime. This is clearly akin to the Biblical adage, "an eye for an eye." But Kant goes further than this adage.
Conflicting Grounds of Obligation
Cultural Relativism	(sometimes called Moral Relativism) is the view that morality (behavior which is right and wrong) is culturally determined. According to its tenets, therefore, there is no objective moral rule or law that is universally correct
Subjectivism
Egoism
Cultural differences argument
Universal Values	a response to the belief that all and any cultural differences are to be accepted without judgment.
Ethical Subjectivism	denies there are objective moral truths, instead holding that we only have feelings about acts and behavior. Consequently, this theory holds, our feelings define our moral judgments.
Emotivism	there are no objective moral truths; it further argues that when we make moral or ethical judgments we are expressing our own attitudes & looking to influence & change moral actions of others. Emotivism makes a distinction between attitudes & feelings.
Ethical Egoism	is the philosophic belief approach that acting in your own self-interest is moral.
Psychological Egoism	claims that it is the human condition to be exclusively self-interested); it is our only moral duty as humans.
Altruism	(acting for the sake of others, even when it means sacrificing self-interest) causes harm to others. Rand, among others, maintained that charity and the like robs people of self-respect; altruism is self defeating.
Principle of Equal Treatment	("People should be treated in the same way unless there is a relevant difference between them") is considered by many an important aspect of ethical thinking because everyone's self-interests are considered equally valid.
Selfishness
Self interest
Anaxagoras	Early Greek Philosopher who addressed change; made great leap in understanding of world when he distinguished between Mind & Matter; opened the doors to reason as a separate quality from that of world; more than that, he saw that Mind formed reality.
Pythagoras	examined world thru numbers & eventually developed geometry. Numbers were numerical basis for everything in this philosophy. The findings moved from simple arithmetic, then to geometry & ultimately to reality. Pythagoras proved that shape & form exist.
Plato believed that there were universals or essences, which he called the:	Forms
According to Plato, our spirits have three parts. What are they?	According to Plato, our spirit's three parts are reason, spirit, and appetite.
Plato's Virtues	Temperance, Courage, Reason & Justice. We need temperance to limit appetites. We need courage to control our will which causes aggression. Reason brings us the wisdom to keep our souls in harmony— Justice not allowing one extreme to take over another.
Metaphor of the Divided Line	Example of what Plato allegorized in the Cave—knowledge comes in steps; people go thru diff. psychological & emotional responses as they begin to adjust to seeing the world in sunlight, as it is.
(Aristotle)Syllogism:	Deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion, e.g., All cows moo (major premise); Bessie moos (minor premise); therefore, Bessie is a cow (conclusion).
(Aristotle) Golden Mean	the desirable middle between two extremes, between excess and inadequacy. The Golden Mean is distinguished by its application to a number of circumstances; the moral actions that stem from it would be different for each person.
Aristotle's virtues include:	(includes Plato's: Courage, Justice,Temperance, Wisdom) plus Generosity, Good Temper, Friendship, Self respect, Honor, Shame, Pride, Truthfulness
Epicureanism School of Philosophy	Major Thinkers - Epicurus & Lucretius
Epicureanism School of Philosophy	Greatest good comes from peace of mind (ataraxia) and pleasure (lack of bodily pain)
Epicureanism School of Philosophy	Pleasure can be found in knowledge, friendship, and living a virtuous and temperate life
Epicureanism School of Philosophy	Since eternal atoms make up existence, individuals should control lives without fear of God or death
Epicureanism School of Philosophy	No call for social duty
Stoicism School of Philosophy	Major thinkers include Zeno, Cleanthes, Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius
Stoicism School of Philosophy	Greatest good comes from virtue, and acceptance of what can not be directly controlled
Stoicism School of Philosophy	Stoic virtues include wisdom, courage, justice and temperance
Stoicism School of Philosophy	Self-control and fortitude are a way of mastering destructive emotions
Stoicism School of Philosophy	We must play the roles we are allotted serenely without complaining; our attitudes under our control, even if destiny is not
Stoicism School of Philosophy	God is a rational substance existing in all of nature
Stoicism School of Philosophy	There is a universal natural law of justice and a universal brotherhood
Skepticism School of Philosophy	Major thinkers include Pyrrho, Arcesilaus, Carneades
Skepticism School of Philosophy	Greatest good comes from peace of mind (ataraxia) which can be achieved by accepting our own limits of understanding
Skepticism School of Philosophy	There can be no certainty in human knowledge.
Skepticism School of Philosophy	Skeptics are involved in a continual inquiry for the truth.
Skepticism School of Philosophy	Probability of correct morality is enough for acting in a moral fashion; existing ethical and legal systems are reliable guides.
Neoplatonism School of Philosophy	Major thinker includes Plotinus
Neoplatonism School of Philosophy	The One (God), identified with the good and beauty, is source of all things
Neoplatonism School of Philosophy	Evil is the lack of perfection
Neoplatonism School of Philosophy	Human happiness (eudaimonia) comes from a mystical union with the One, achieved through developing the highest moral and intellectual virtues.
Neoplatonism School of Philosophy	Salvation comes with the final union of the self with the One.
Philosophical King	Hypothetical ruler of Plato's city-state.
The forms	The essences of a various object or thing (in Platonic thought)
Morality	the right or wrong of an action, decision, or way of living
Divine Command Theory	the idea that morality is whatever God (or the gods) command. God's will becomes the foundation of ethics. There are several different forms of this theory (varying by religion or philosopher), but they all share a belief that morality depends on God.
Gandhianism	borrows from Hindu, Buddhist, Jain and Christian beliefs about nonviolence (ahimsa) and nonresistance, and from the teachings of Mohandas K. Gandhi, a major 20th century political and spiritual leader in India.
karma	that the good and evil a person does will return either in this life or in a later one)
Natural Law	maintains that God, or nature, has established universal laws and principles from which the norms of all human behavior must be derived; founded on the idea that everything in nature exists for a reason. The world is inherently rational.
Theory of Natural Law	that reason & its powers are, by necessity, part of natural law established by God ; that moral knowledge & religious knowledge are separate because we are endowed w/ reason.
Jainism Religion	No god, eternal universe (Mystical ideas)
Jainism Religion	Dualistic; two sides to people (Divine knowledge)
Jainism Religion	Agames (Scriptures writings)
Jainism Religion	Two parts, one seeks pleasure & one seeks detachment from the world (human nature)
Jainism Religion	Nonviolence, nonlying, nonstealing, chastity, nonattachment (the way to act)
Sirkhism Religion	One God (Mystical ideas)
Sirkhism Religion	Combo of Muslim and Hindu Beliefs (Divine Knowledge)
Sirkhism Religion	The Granth (Sacred Writings)
Sirkhism Religion	Ends Caste distinction (Human Nature)
Sirkhism Religion	Social Responsibility (the way to act)
Sirkhism Religion	Reincarnation (Afterlife beliefs)
Gandhianism Religion	Many deities, infinite spirit (Mystical ideas)
Gandhianism Religion	Non-attachment (Divine knowledge)
Gandhianism Religion	Non-violence at all times even if being physically harmed (the way to act)
Gandhianism Religion	Reincarnation (Afterlife beliefs)
Daoism	"the way" deities, immortals (Mystical Ideas)
Doaism	the infinite, forces such as yin & yang; divination (Divine Knowledge)
Doaism	People are outside of experience of world, must become one with natural forces (Human Nature)
Doaism	Effortlessness, simplicity, gentleness, relativity (the way to act)
Doaism	Can become one with all things (Afterlife beliefs)
syncretic	A syncretic religion melds and fuses beliefs from other religious traditions into its own theology and ethics.
Confucianism	Spirits, soul;veneration of ancestors (Mystical ideas)
Confucianism	Believes in the way but people need to be educated (Mystical ideas)
Confucianism	Five classics (4 books) scriptural writings
Confucianism	Capable of goodness, refinement, greatness and 5 great relationships (proper human behavior guide)
Confucianism	Emphasis is on how one spends one's life; death isn't that important
Kabbalah	a discipline & school of thought discussing mystical aspect of Judaism. It is a set of esoteric teachings that are meant to explain relationship between an infinite, eternal & essentially unknowable Creator w/ finite & mortal universe of his creation.
Halakhah	is the collective body of Jewish religious law, including biblical law (the 613 mitzvot) and later talmudic and rabbinic law, as well as customs and traditions.
Christianity	Catholics look to canon law, which is based on the laws of the Apostles; Orthodox Christian religions treat these as guidelines, tempered by cultural needs; Protestants, each denomination will have rules.
conscientious moral agents	Modern moral philosophy asks people to be conscientious moral agents. This is a role that requires impartiality; the ability to put aside one's self interest and personal biases while considering a problem.
Social Contract Theory	is based on the idea of people giving up some of their natural rights to a government in exchange for social order. Social Contract Theory appears deceptively simple.
Under Social Contract Theory, rulers serve:	Under Social Contract Theory, rulers serve by the consent of the governed.
Social Contract Theory is based on:	Social Contract Theory is based on the idea of reciprocity.
John Locke - Basic theory	The scope of our knowledge is limited by our perceptions and our reason; Ideas do not have reality
John Locke - Key insights	Morality must be demonstrable; based on pleasure or pain; Moral good & evil represent conformity or disagreement of our voluntary actions to law;
John Locke - Key insights	3 kinds of law: law of opinion (happiness); civic law (virtue); divine law (moral rectitude; know divine law thru reason or revelation
George Berkeley's Basic theory & Key insights	Basic theory - There is an absolute existence of unthinking things Key Insights- Argues proof of God and that insights we have come through Him - God's order of the world comes to us through our perceptions
David Hume's Basic Theory	- Brings empiricism to its purest form - Impressions are necessary to ideas - All ideas are associated with each other - Our thinking cannot extend beyond our immediate senses
David Hume's Key insights	- Moral judgments are formed through feelings more than reason - Virtue and vice exist through our feelings, not in the actions themselves
Auguste Comte	(1798-1857), a French philosopher noted for creating sociology, was a founder of the theory of Positivism.
Positivism Theory	stated that genuine knowledge is acquired only by science and that metaphysical speculation has no validity.
hypothetical imperative	an expression of personal freedom in that we decide for ourselves if we want to study, or go shopping, or learn how to drive.
Cultural Relativism	the view that morality (behavior which is right and wrong) is culturally determined. According to its tenets, therefore, there is no objective moral rule or law that is universally correct.
libertarianism	(acting for the sake of others, even when it means sacrificing self-interest) causes harm to others. Rand, among others, maintained that charity and the like robs people of self-respect; altruism is self defeating.

Created by: bananas

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