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Pharmacology mod 1-4
Pharmacology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| what are the routes of medication administration? | A-Aural, B-Buccal, O-Optic, R-Rectal, T-Topical, I- Intramuscular, O-Oral, N-Nasogastric, I-Intravenous, S-Subcutaneous, T-Transdermal, N-Nasal, R-Respiratory |
| What is a drug? | Any substance taken by mouth; Injected into a muscle, the skin, a blood vessel or cavity of the body; or applied topically to treat or prevent a disease or condition. |
| Define HALF LIFE ? | THE TIME TAKEN FOR THE CONCENTRATION OF THE DRUG IN PLASMA TO DROP TO 50% OF ITS INITIAL LEVEL |
| Define DISINTERGRATION ? | BREAK UP OF A TABLET INTO SMALL FRAGMENTS (STARCH IS USEFUL HERE) |
| Define DISSOLUTION? | THE DISPERSAL OF A DRUG AS SOLOUTE PARTICALS IN THE BODY FLUID WITH WHICH IT IS IN CONTACT. PARTICAL SIZE IS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN THIS |
| Define BIOAVAILABILITY? | THE EXTENT TO WHICH A DRUG CAN BE ABSORBED INTO THE BLOOD |
| What are the 7 rights to drug administration | Right drug Right dose Right client Right route of administration Right time Right documentation Right to refuse |
| What are the three types of drug names? | Trade Generic Chemical |
| what are three drug Classification types | Therapeutic: Mode of Action: Molecular Structure: |
| what are the grouping of drugs by function | Antipyretic Analgesia – NSAIDs, Paracetamol, Aspirin, Opioids Anticonvulsant Antiemetic |
| DEFINE PHARMACOKINETICS? | THE MOVEMENT OF DRUGS INSIDE THE BODY. |
| what are the 4 STAGES OF PHARMACOKINETICS? | Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion. |
| DEFINE ABSORPTION ? | THE MOVEMENT OF A DRUG FROM ITS SITE OF ADMINISTRATION INTO THE BLOOD STREAM |
| DEFINE DISTRIBUTION? | THE TRANSFER OF A DRUG FROM THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION (BLOOD) TO THE SITE OF ACTION |
| Weak acid in acidic environment is ? | lipophilic, well absorbed |
| Weak acid in alkaline environment is ? | lipophobic, poorly absorbed |
| Weak Base in acidic environment s ? | lipophobic,poorly absorbed |
| Weak Base in alkaline environment is ? | lipophilic, well absorbed |
| Define Volume of Distribution? | A measure of extent of penetration of a drug into various fluid and tissue compartments |
| Define Metabolism? | Purpose is to alter the chemical properties of a drug to make them less lipophilic and more readily excreted |
| what is phase 1 of metabolism ? | Phase 1, enzymes modify the drug through the process of - Oxidation - Hydrolysis - Reduction |
| what is phase 2 of metabolism ? | Phase 2, a drug or phase 1 metabolite is conjugated (joined) with a polar molecule to render the product soluble for excretion. |
| The principal site of drug and metabolite excretion is? | Kidneys and the GI tract. Other routes of excretion are saliva, sweat, tears and breath. |
| Define Pharmacodynamics? | The mechanism whereby drugs exert their effect on the body |
| The most common environmental interaction outside the body is? | Storage - Shelf Life - Expiry date - Appropriate storage (light, oxygen & moisture) |
| Define Agonist ? | - A drug that stimulates a receptor (mimics the action of the body’s own endogenous chemical). |
| Define Antagonist? | - a drug blocks a receptor and prevents the endogenous (having an internal cause or origin) chemical acting on the receptor. |
| define Partial Agonist ? | - Are drugs with a lower affinity. |
| define Inverse Agonist ? | Are drugs that instead of actually blocking a receptor stimulate the receptor in such a way that the opposite effect to the normal agonist effect is seen. |
| define Competitive inhibitor ? | Where an enzyme meets a look-alike substrate, they interact at the enzymic binding site, but, because the enzyme cannot do anything with the look-alike, it is discarded unchanged.. |
| define Non Competitive inhibitor ? | - In non-competitive inhibition the inhibitor binds to a part of the enzymes structure that is distinct and often remote from the binding site. This causes a conformational change in the tertiary structure of the enzyme, rendering it inactive. |
| define Hypertonic? | - Solution that is relatively higher solute concentration |
| define Hypotonic? | - Solution that is relatively lower solute concentration |
| define Isotonic ? | - Solution that is the same concentration |
| define Affinity ? | - Affinity is defined as the extent of binding of a drug to a receptor |
| define Efficacy ? | - Efficacy is the ability of a drug to produce an effect at a receptor |
| define Specificity ? | - Specificity relates to a degree of selectivity – one drug tends to interact with one subtype of receptors rather than another. |
| define Potency ? | - Potency is the relative amount of drug that has to be present to produce a desired effect |
| what is the First Messanger ? | - The interaction between a drug and receptor |
| what is the Second Messenger ? | - Molecules that relay signals received at receptors on the cells surface |
| provide the concept of an allergic drug reaction ? | Immune system attacks the allergen using protective antibodies called immunoglobulin. |
| what are the 4 different types of drug reactions? | - Type 1 – Anaphylaxis - Type 2 – Cytotoxic - Type 3 - Serum sickness - Type 4 – Delayed |
| Pharmacokinetics are altered by age by ? | - The very young and the very old have poor peripheral perfusion and decreased skeletal muscle mass - Infants have erratic gastric acid secretions - Infants and older people have lower plasma protein levels. |
| What are the3 methods for calculating doses for children ? | - Age: Young’s rule. - Body weight: Clarkes body weight rule. - Body surface area: Clarkes surface area rule. |
| Define Excretion | - Drug is eliminated either in its original form (unbound molecule) or modified (metabolism) as metabolite. |
| what are the 4 main principals associated with management of poisoning ?. | - Life support - Clinical assessment - Decontamination and detoxification - Neutralisation and elimination of the poison |
| what are the types of medicines used in treating poisoning ? | - Adsorbents: - Iso-Osmatic Laxatives - Emetics: - Venom: |
| What are the 4 principals of acute clinical overdose management | - Life support - Assessment of the affected person - Decontamination & Detoxification - Neutralisation and elimination |
| What medications are use to treat alcohol addiction ? | - Disulfiram - Acamprosate - Naltrexone - Thiroridazine |
| what medications are used to treat Nicotine addiction | - Bupropion - Varenicline |
Created by:
bryan1111
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