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AP Bio Chapter 20
Word | Definition |
---|---|
recombinant DNA | DNA in which genesfrom two different sources are linked |
genetic engineering | the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes |
biotechnology | the manipulation of organisms or their components to perform practical tasks or provide useful products |
gene cloning | well defined gene-sized pieces of DNA in multiple identical copies |
restrictive enzymes | protect bacteria from intruding DNA from other organisms, they cut out foreign sequences |
restriction site | a recognition DNA sequence |
restriction fragments | the cut pieces of DNA molecules that are reproducible |
sticky end | double stranded DNA fragments with at least one single stranded end |
DNA ligase | an enzyme which seals the strands by catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester bonds |
cloning vector | the original plasmid containing DNA molecules that can carry foreign DNA into a cell and replicate there |
nucleic acid bybridization | the base pairing between the gene and a complimentary sequence on another nucleid acid molecule |
nucleic acid probe | the complimentary molecule, a short single stranded nucleic acid that can be either RNA or DNA |
denaturation | the separation of the two strands |
expression vector | a cloning vector that contains the requisite prokaryotic promoter just upstream of a restriction site where the eukaryotic gene can be inserted |
complementary DNA or cDNA | DNA transcripts of RNA which codes for a gene but no introns |
artificial chromosomes | combine the essentials of a eukaryotic chromosome |
electroporation | when a brief electrical pulse is applied to a solution containing cells to create temporary holes to allow DNA to enter |
genomic library | the complete set of thousands of recombinant plasmid clones each carrying copies of a particular segment from the initial genome |
cDNA library | only part of a cell's genome-only the genew that were transcribed in the starting cells |
PCR (polymerase chain reaction) | a technique by which any piece of DNA can quickly be amplified without usuing cells |
gel electrophoresis | separates macro molecules on the basis of size, electrical charge, and other physical properties |
Southern Blotting | reveals not only whether a particular sequence s present in a sample of DNA but also the restriction fragments that contain the sequence |
restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) | can serve as a genetic marker for a particular locus in the genome, detected by Southern Blotting |
in situ hybridization | a radioactive probe is allowed to base pair with complimentary sequences in the denatured |
Human Genome Project | this is an international effort to map the entire human genome, ultimately determining the complete nucleiotide sequences of the DNA of each human chromosome |
chromosome walking | this is where a probe scans the nucleotides and finds the overlapping ends |
DNA microarrary assays | the method of detecting and measuring the expressions of thousands of genes at one time |
in vitro mutagenesis | a technique that can be used to introduce specific changes into the sequenced of a cloned gene |
genomics | the study of genomes and genes based on DNA sequencing |
antisense nucleic acid | single stranded molecules of DNA or RNA that have been constructed explicity to base-pair with mRNA molecules and block their translation |
vaccine | a harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen that stimulates the immune system to fight the pathogen |
DNA finger print | specific pattern of bands, that is of forensic use |
simple tandem repeats (STRs) | polymorphic genetic loci |
transgenic organisms | organisms that contain genes from another species that have been developed for potential agricultural use |
Ti plasmid (T DNA) | integrates a segment of its DNA into the chromosomal DNA of its host cell plants. |