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Stack #200572
diabetes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Characteristics of Type 1 Diabetes | autoimmune disease: body attacks itselfearly onsetaccounts for 5-10% of all diabetesS/S abruptno insulin production by bodyinsulin dependantpt usually thinKetosis prone at onset or during insulin deficiency |
| Characteristics of Type 2 Diabetes | onset usually 35 or >accounts for 90% of all types of diabetespt usually obese or of normal weightinsulin resistan: body produces insulin but can't utilize it efficiently(insulin production decreases over time)frequently no S/S |
| Beta cells | Pancreatic cells that manufacture insulin |
| Glucose | The main blood sugar in the body |
| long chains that store Glucose | |
| diabetes | disorder of metabolism: for all types of diabetes the metabolism of fats, carbs, and proteins is altered |
| causes of secondary diabetes | medical conditions that effect the liver or pancreas.medications that impair glucose metabolism ( steroids, Dilantin, HCTZ, etc).usually resoves when underlying cause is eliminated. |
| Insulin was discovered in? | 1920's |
| what 3 organ systems are involved in the regulation and utilization of glucose | liverpancreasskeletal muscles |
| insulin works mainly: | to promote the transport of nutrients into cells and promote storage of nutrients |
| glucose metabolism in liver | 2 roles in regultaion of blood glucose:1.storage and release of glucose2. synthesis of its own glucose supply |
| glucgenesis | formation of glucose |
| glucose metabolism in pancreas | releases 2 hormones:1. glucagon, causing the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose and release it into the bloodstream.2.insulin, causes most of the body's cells to take up glucose from the blood |
| glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle cells | 1.contains insulin receptor sites "opens the door for entry of glucose into the cells."2.primary target organ for action of insulin3.involved in glucose metabolism. |
| 3 poly's of diabetes: happens in what order? | 1. Polydipsia2. Polyuria3.Polyphagia |
| polydipsia | excessive thirst r/t intracellular dehydration, because high levels of glucose in th blood have pulled water out of the cells. |
| poluria | excessive urination r/t large amounts of glucose in the urine are accompanied by large losses of water. |
| polyphagia | excessive hunger r/t cellular starvation as stores of carbs, fats, and proteins become depleted. |
| S/S of hyperglycemia | polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, blurred vision, weakness, lethargy, malaise, N&V, gastroperesis. |
| normal osmolarity | 280-295 mOsm/kg |
| insulin resistance | pancreas produces insulin but the cells are unable to use it efficiently |
| insulin resistance can be caused by? | Various disease states make the body tissues more resistant to the actions of insulin. Examples include infection and acidosis |
| A1C (HbA1C) values give a good indication of? | The average Blood glucose over the past 3-4 months |
| Lab test for monitoring BS | FBS and HbA1C (glycosylated hemoglobin or hemaglobin A1C) |
| factors that influences BS control | meals, meds, activity, and stress |
| normal fasting BS | 70-110 |
| oral hypoglycemics | oral meds to lower BS |
| Sulfonylureas | Drugs that stimulate beta cells to release more insulin |
| Meglitinide | Drugs that stimulate beta cells to release more insulin |
| Alpha-Glucose Inhibitor | Slows or blocks the breakdown if starches and certain sugars; action slows the rise in BS after meals |
| Biguanide | Senitizes the bodies to the insulin already present |
| DPP-4 Inhibitors | These drugs block an enzyme that normally deactivated a protein (GLP-1) that keeps insulin circulating in the blood |
| Incretin Mimetics | These mimic the action of specific hormones which help the body make more insulin |
| Treatment of prediabetes can | dely or prevent type 2 diabetes |
| Prediabetes | impaired glucose tolerance, blood glucose is higher than normal but not high enough to be diabetes. |
| metabolic syndrome | a cluster a abnormalities that act synergistically to greatly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. |
| Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) | life threatening condition occuring in type 1 diabetics, resulting in metabolic acidoi. excess amount of ketones lowers the blood PH and anything lower than 6 can't sustain life.(this occurs when there is no insulin for a period of time) |
| Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketonic (HHNK) | Occurs in Type 2 diabetic, Life threatening emergency, extremely high levels of blood suger |
| Dawn phenomenon | BS in normal until about 3 am and then hyperglcemic |
| Somogyi phenomenon | BS is normal at bedtime, it drops at 12am and rises before breakfast. Pt has night sweats, earlt morning nausea, headaches and nighmares. |
| Albuminuria | Albumin in the urine |
| Diabetic retinopathy | Damage to the microscopic vessels that supply the retina of the eye. Pt will see pieces of the whole picture. |
| diabetic neuropathy | Nervous system damagemay lead to lower limb amputationloss of feeling in the hands or feet.S/S: pain, tingling, burning or pins and needles sensation, numbness, loss of feeling, loss of tempature sensation |
| diabetic autonomic neuropathy | damage to the GU system; causes sexual disfunction |
| Diabetes complications | heart disease, stroke, blindness, kidney failure, lower limb amputaion, other organ failure, etc. |
| U.S. Diabetes prevelance by race | In order: 1.American Indian and Alaskan natives2. African American3. Hawaiians4. Hispanics5.Asians6. White/ non-hispanic |
| U.S. Diabetes prevelance | 20.8 million people have diabetesages 40-59 most suseptable |
| Preventing Diabetes Complications | glucose control, blood pressure control, blood lipid control, preventive care, aspirin as directed by Dr. |
| You are at risk for having diabetes if | Your immediate family has ityou are African American, Hispanic, American indian, native Alaskan, Asian, or Pacific IslanderHigh Bloob PressureHx of Gestational diabetesoverweightinactive>45 years of age |
| microvascular complications | (small vessel) include retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy. |
| macrovascular complications | (large vessels) include coronary artery disease (CAD), cerebral artery disease and peripheral vascular disease (PVD) |
| nephropathy | damage to vessels that supply the filtering system of the nephrons |
| anemia | diabetics are prone to anemia |
| charcot's foot | condition in which certain joints, most commonly the mid foot, collapse and degenerate. |
| what happens when insulin is injected into body area likely to be exercised | absorbs it too fast |
| regular insulin peaks at | 2-3 hr. |
| intermediate insulin peaks at | 4-5 hr |
| when does Lantis insulin peak at | has no peak |
Created by:
gemjema
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