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Sodium balance
fluids and electrolytes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the normal range for sodium? | 135-145 mEq/l |
| Sodium determines the osmolarity of the ____________________ fluid | extracellular |
| Lower than normal level of sodium is called _________________ | hyponatremia |
| Higher than normal level of sodium is called _________________ | hypernatremia |
| Fill in the blank: Low sodium levels usually causes ______ osmolarity in the fluid compartments outside the cell: so fluid moves | low/into the cells |
| List the three problems that can result in hyponatremia | sodium loss, excess total body water (dilutional hyponatremia), inadequate salt intake |
| Identify conditions that can cause hyponatremia due to sodium loss | sodium loss: sweating, burns, vomitint, diarhea, gastric tube drainage, duretic uses, osmotic diuresis (diabetes mellitus), hypoaldosteronism |
| Identify conditions that can cause hyponatrmeia through water gain | chronic renal insuffieicney, hypothroidism, SIADH, excessive thirst, heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome |
| Identify conditions that can cause hyponatremia through inadequate sodium intake | use of diuretics in patients on a low salt diet |
| Which is more common, hypo or hypernatremia? | hyponatremia |
| __________ Eq/L would be considered severe hypernatremia and can lead to ___ | greater than 145 mEq/L / death |
| Who is at risk for hypernatremia due to inability to respond to the thirst resonse? | patients who are intubated, infants, elderly, cognitively impaired |
| List causes of hypernatremia | insensible water loss, water loss from GI tract, diabetes insipidus, diuresis |
| List potential sources of increased sodium intake | dietary, hypertonic IV solutions, sodium bicarb |
| Signs and symptoms of hyponatremia | hyponatremia: brain swells, symptoms include headache, lethargy, confusion, obtundation, seizures, coma |
| Signs and symptoms of hypernatremia | brain cells shrink, altered mental status, neuromuscular irritability, weakness, seizures, coma |
| Treatment fluid volume deficit and hyponatremia | isontonic saline IV solution |
| Treatment hyponatremia and fluid overload | sodium, fluid restrictions, diuretics |
| Treatment for hypernatremia | stop water loss and correct deficit, restore blood volume, treat underlying cause |
| What is SIADH and what is its effect on fluid balance and sodium levels? | excessive release of ADH results in hyponatremia and fluid volume excess |
| What is diabetes insipidus and what is its effect on fluid balance and sodium levels? | Deficient ADH resulting in dehydration and hypernatremia |
Created by:
akeane3
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