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C3 Glossary AW
Glossary of Key Words for C3- Chemical Economics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Activation energy | The energy needed to start a chemical reaction. |
| Allotropes | Different forms of the same element. |
| Atom | The basic “building block” of an element which cannot be chemically broken down. |
| Atom economy | A way of measuring the amount of atoms that are wasted or lost when a chemical is made. |
| Balanced equation | Chemical equation where the number of atoms on each side of the equation balance each other. |
| Batch process | A process used to make small fixed amounts of substances, like medicines, with a clear start and finish. |
| Boiling point | Temperature at which the bulk of a liquid turns to vapour. |
| Buckminsterfullerene | A very stable sphere of 60 carbon atoms joined by covalent bonds. An allotrope of carbon. |
| Carbon | A very important element, carbon is present in all living things and forms a huge range of compounds with other elements. |
| Catalyst | A chemical that speeds up a reaction but is not changed or used by the reaction. |
| Chemical properties | The characteristic of substances. |
| Collision frequency | The number of successful collisions between reacting particles that happen in one second. |
| Combustion | Process where fuels react with oxygen to produce heat. |
| Compressions | Particles pushed together, increasing pressure. |
| Concentration | The amount of chemical dissolved in a certain volume of solution. |
| Conservation of mass | The total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products formed. |
| Continuous process | A process for making a large amount of chemicals which runs all the time if new materials are added and wastes removed. |
| Covalent bonds | Bonds between atoms where some of the electrons are shared. |
| Diffuse | When particles diffuse they spread out. |
| Distillation | The process of evaporation followed by condensation. |
| Double covalent bond | Covalent bond where each atom shares two electrons with the other atom. |
| Efficient | A process in which losses are minimised. |
| Elements | Substances made out of only one type of atom. |
| Endothermic reaction | Chemical reaction which takes in heat. |
| Energy | The ability to “do work”-the human body needs energy to function. |
| Evaporation | When a liquid changes to a gas it evaporates. |
| Exothermic reaction | Chemical reaction in which heat is given out. |
| Explosion | A very fast reaction making large volumes of gas. |
| Fullerenes | Cage-like carbon molecules containing many carbon atoms, e.g. buckyballs. |
| Hardness | Hardness of a solid material as tested by the scratch test. |
| Limewater | Calcium hydroxide particles in water- this clear liquid turns milky in the presence of carbon dioxide. |
| Limiting reactant | Chemical used up in a chemical reaction that limits the amount of product formed. |
| Lubricating | Oiling |
| Lustrous | Shiny |
| Melting point | The temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid. |
| Nanometre | Units used to measure very small things (one billionth of a metre). |
| Nanoparticles | Very small particles on the nanoscale. |
| Nanotube | Carbon atoms formed into a very tiny tube. |
| Nickel catalyst | A catalyst used in the hardening of margarine. |
| Optimum temperature | The temperature range that produces the best reaction rate. |
| Percentage yield | Comparing the amount of useful product made to the amount expected. |
| Petrol | Volatile mixture of hydrocarbons used as a fuel. |
| Product | Molecules produced at the end of a chemical reaction. |
| Rate of reaction | The speed with which a chemical reaction takes place. |
| Reactants | Chemicals which are reacting together in a chemical reaction. |
| Refined | The refining process turns crude oil into usable forms such as petrol. |
| Single covalent bond | Bond between to two atoms in which each atom shares one electron. |
| Soluble | A soluble substance dissolves in a liquid, e.g. sugar is soluble in water. |
| Solute | A substance which dissolves in a liquid. |
| Solution | When a solute dissolves in a solvent, a solution forms. |
| Solvent | A liquid which dissolves a substance. |
| Substrate | Molecules at the start of a chemical reaction. |
| Chromatography | A method for splitting up a substance to identify compounds and check for purity. |
Created by:
Brimsham
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