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Turtles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the average life expectancy of turtles, tortoises, and terrapins | 1. Turtles & Terrapins- ~40 yrs 2. Tortoises- up to 150 yrs |
| Turtles and Terrapins can undergo a temporary hibernation when its cold outside: T or F | T |
| Which type of chelonian prefers to be mainly in water, dry land or both: Terrapin, Tortoise, Turtle | Turtle- water Tortoise- dry land Terrapin- Both |
| What is the difference, if any, between the shells of sea turtles & fresh water turtles? | 1. Sea turtles have leathery shell that helps with swimming & deep waters, not so much for protection 2. Fresh water turtles have hard shells, good for protection |
| Which type of chelonian(s) can feel pain and pressure on their shells: Terrapin, Tortoise, Turtle | All the above |
| What is the name of the numerous bones that make up the chelonian shell? Around how many are there? | Scutes; around 60 |
| _______ is the name for the top of the chelonian cell & _______ is the name of the bottom & how can you remember these names | Carapace; Plastron; The letter C is at the TOP of the alphabet and P is closer to the BOTTOM |
| Scutes help indicate the age of chelonians: T or F | F |
| Scutes help indicate the growth period of chelonians: T or F | T |
| Chelonians completely lack ears, internal and external: T or F | F |
| What do the keratin scales (spikes/spur) help desert tortoises do? | Retain water |
| If a chelonian egg develops at a warm temp vs a cooler temp, what can be indentified? Be specific | Gender; Males= cooler, Females= warmer |
| How do you remember which gender develops at which temp? | Males think they are really COOL (when they usually aren't) while females are a lot WARMer and caring |
| Chelonian hatchlings have a tooth that allows them to break out of their shells. Once they are out the mothers help them search for food for the first three weeks: T or F | F |
| Once chelonian hatchlings are out of their shells, what is the mother's role? | Nothing. They must find food on their own. They are no longer cared for after the eggs are laid/hatched |
| Chelonian mothers do not care for the eggs after they are laid or hatched: T or F | T |
| In some turtle species iris color can be used to differentiate genders, which iris color is usually seen which each gender? | Yellow/brown- females Red- males |
| When comparing males and females of turtles & tortoises, which gender is larger? How does tail length vary with gender? | Males smaller with longer tail |
| The upper shell of the tortoise is known as _______ | Carapace |
| Lower shell of the tortoise is known as _____ | Plastron |
| How many digits can be found on each limb of a chelonian? | 5 |
| Which of the following feature(s) does a chelonian lack: diaphragm, glottis, larynx, oropharynx, sternum | Diaphragm, Sternum |
| What is another name used to describe the keratinized beak of a chelonian? | Rhamphotheca |
| Which nerve innervates the mandibular muscles of chelonians? | Trigeminal |
| What is the name of the scutes found on the carapace, along the edge | Marginal scutes |
| What is the name of the scutes found on the carapace down along the center/spine | Vertebral scutes |
| What is the name of the scute found on the carapace side, in the center, above the head | Nuchal scute |
| What is the name of the scutes found below the head, on the plastral side | Gular |
| Which triangular-shaped scute is near the hind leg? | Inguinal scute |
| What is the name of the scute above the tail, located on the carapacial side | Supracaudal scute |
| Which of the following are NOT the names of scutes found on a chelonian shell: Anal, Abdominal, Femoral, Humeral, Pectoral, Subscapular, Supracaudal, Thoracic | Subscapular & Thoracic |
| On the plastral side of a chelonian cell, what is the name of the scutes found between the abdominal and anal scutes? | Femoral |
| What is the name for the line between the keratinized plates of the chelonian shell? | Suture |
| Epidermal plates regularly shed through the life of aquatic as well as land chelonians: T or F | F |
| Epidermal plates regularly DO NOT shed through the life of aquatic as well as land chelonians: T or F | T (rarely sheds in land, shed sometimes in aquatics) |
| What is the name given to a mobile suture found in the plastron or carapace of a chelonian shell? | Hinge |
| In chelonians, what occurs when they are "pyramiding" | Abnormal growth during first few years of life |
| Soft shells are never considered normal in turtles: T or F | F |
| Soft shells are considered normal in some turtle species: T or F | T |
| Which of the following feature(s) IS present in chelonians: bronchi, choana, glottis, hard palate, sinuses, soft palate, turbinates | Hard palate, glottis, bronchi |
| What kind of epithelium in chelonians lines the bronchi, lungs, trachea and what is noteworthy to mention about it? | Ciliated glandular epithelim, bad at getting rid of foreign material |
| Chelonians cannot cough & they lack a muscular diaphragm: T or F | T |
| What kind of respiration are chelonians capable of doing? | Anaerobic/glycolic and aerobic |
| When a chelonian's carapace is fractured, one common clinical sign is respiration difficulty: T or F | F |
| Since chelonians lack a muscular diaphragm what is needed to increase the lung space and allow for inspiration? | Limb movements |
| The chelonian pseudodiaphragm does not play a role in ventilation: T or F | T |
| What do turtles lack in the URT | Turbinates, sinuses, soft palate |
| Describe chelonian land inspiration & expiration | Inspiration passive, expiration active (opposite in water) |
| Diving reflex of Aquatic Chelonians | Incr HR & blood velocity in pulmonary artery which maximizes turtle's ability to exchange blood gases |
| Gular pumping | Aids in olfaction, is water movement between choana, mouth, pharynx due to movements of upper digestive tract |
| Describe the heart chambers of a turtle | L & R atria, one ventricle with multiple muscle folds |
| In turtles, blood enters right atrium from ______ & L atrium gets blood from _____ | sinus venosus; L & R pulm vein |
| Which vessels provide afferent blood supply to small intestine? | Cranial & caudal pancreoduodenal arteries |
| Small intestine venous vasculature | Venous blood joins portal vein through duodenal v. |
| What is most of small intestine suspended in | Mesenterium proprium |
| Duodenal blood supply | Cranial mesenteric a. |
| Urodeum contains | Ureters, oviducts, vas deferens, bladder |
| Proctodeum | Gets outflow of bladder, urodeum, coprodeum, genitals, ureters; opens outside to world at vent |
| Where is gall bladder | Caudal border of R liver lobe |
| What connects duodenum to pancreas | Pancreatic duct (it's short) |
| Blood supply to pancreas | Coeliac artery branches; drain into veins of hepatic portal system |
| What controls exocrine pancreas | Secretin (like in other species) |
| Where can you find the digestive enzyme amylase | Stomach, Pancreas, Intestine |
| Where can you find the digestive enzyme pepsin | Stomach |
| Where can you find the digestive enzyme trypsin | Stomach, Pancreas |
| Where can you find the digestive enzyme chitinase | Stomach, Pancreas |
| Where can you find the digestive enzyme chitobiase | Stomach, Intestine |
| Where can you find the digestive enzyme ribonuclease | Pancreas |
| Where can you find the digestive enzyme chymotrypsin | Pancreas |
| Where can you find the digestive enzyme carboxypeptidase A | Pancreas |
| Where can you find the digestive enzyme maltase | Intestine |
| Where can you find the digestive enzyme trehalase | Intestine |
| Where can you find the digestive enzyme isomaltase & sucrase | Intestine |
| Which digestive enzyme can be found in the stomach, pancreas AND intestine? | Amylase |
| At high temps ______ prod decr but ____ constant | Gastric hcl concentration; pepsinogen |
| Who has the shortest passage time: carnivores, herbivores, omnivores? | Omnivores |
| Who has the longest passage time: carnivores, herbivores, omnivores? | Herbivores |
| Large intestine peristalsis | 1. 1st kind sarts at cecum & goes to coprodeum 2. 2nd kind is antiperistalsis starting to coprodeum, allows urine to be moved to caudal parts of colon where water & ions can be reabsorbed |
| Summarize the vitamin D synthesis steps | Provitamin D3 7-dihydrocholesterol -> Previtamin D3 -> Vitamin D3 cholecalciferol -> Calcediol -> Calcetriol/Active Vitamin D3 |
| Where is calcediol and calcetriol made | Calcediol made first, in liver; Calcetriol made last, in kidneys |
| The activated form of vitamin D3 is aka | Calcitriol |
| List the 3 major organs involved in Ca homeostasis | Kidneys, GI, Bone |
| What are the roles of PTH in Ca homeostasis | 1. Incr Ca & decr phosphate reabsorption in renal tubules 2. Incr bone resorption 3. Stimulates activation of Vitamin D thus incr Ca reabsorption in gut |
| What stimulates & inhibits PTH | Stimul: Low Ca2+ Inhibited: High Ca+ or Calcitonin |
| To sum it up in one sentence, what is the overall goal of PTH in Calcium homeostasis? | Incr amount of calcium in blood |
| Where does PTH come from | Chief cells of parathyroid gland |
| Where does Calcitonin come from | Ultimobrachial gland |
| What does Calcitonin do in Ca homeostasis | 1. Stops PTH secretion 2. Decr bone resorption/Inhib osteoclast activity, stimul osteoblast axn 3. Incr renal excretion of Ca |
| What is Calcitriol's net effect and its effect on GI, Bone, and Kidney in Ca homeostasis? | Incr Ca; GI- incr Ca & Phosphate, incr bone resorption, kidney- incr Ca & phosphate reabsorption |
| What is Calcitonin's net effect and its effect on GI, Bone, and Kidney in Ca homeostasis? | Decr Ca; indirectly effects GI, decr bone resorption, decr Ca/Phosphate reabsorption & decr PTH in kidneys |
| What is PTH's net effect and its effect on GI, Bone, and Kidney in Ca homeostasis? | Incr Ca; indirectly effects GI, incr resorption in bone, in kidney it incr Ca reabsorption & calcitriol but decr phosphate reabsorption |
| Out of the common metabolic bone diseases in mammals, which has NOT been reported in reptiles | 1. Hypertrophic osteodystrophy 2. Osteoporosis 3. Panosteitis 4. Rickets |
| What are common signs seen with Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in reptiles | 1. Squishy shells 2. Malformed beaks/rubber jaw 3. Pathologic fractures 4. Cortical bone thinning 5. Caudal paresis |
| Symptoms of Renal Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in reptiles & who is most effective | Older animals most effected Muscle tremors, seizures, not yet progressed to bone damage |
| Renal Secondary Hyperparathyroidism | 1. Hyperphosphatemia is hallmark 2. Decr calcitriol, soft tissue calcific, renal osteodystrophy, hypocalcemia |
| Early signs of Nutritional Metabolic Bone dz | 1. Tremors 2. Hyperflexiveness 3. Ataxia 4. Cloacal prolapses |
| Renal Secondary Hyperparathyroidism differentials | 1. NSHP 2. hypertrophic osteopathy 3. Osteomyelitis |
| HYPERTROPHIC OSTEOPATHY | 1. Lameness, painful limbs, reluct to move 2. Pulmonary path commonly assoc |
| Hypertrophic osteopathy differentials | 1. NSHP 2. RSHP 3. Gout 4. Tumoral calcinosis/Pseudogut 5. Osteomyelitis |
| Osteopetrosis | 1. 2 forms (autosomal recessive & autosomal dominant) 2. Excessive bone thickening 3. Solid cortices & medullary cavities 4. Obliterates marrw cavity |
| What is the ideal turtle Ca:P ratio | 1.5:2.1 |
| Name the top 3 foods commonly eaten by captive desert tortoises that have the highest % protein | Broccoli, Kale, Tunip greens |
| Name the top 3 foods commonly eaten by captive desert tortoises that have the highest % fat | Avocados, Cress, Parsley |
| Name the top 3 foods commonly eaten by captive desert tortoises that have the highest % Ca | Collards, Kale, Turnip greens |
| Name the top 3 foods commonly eaten by captive desert tortoises that have the highest % P | Cress, endive, turnip greens |
| Term used to describe chelonians/reptiles than gain heat frm sun | Heliothermic |
| Where does the force to move air during inspiration & expiration come from for chelonians | Intercostal, pectoral, and abdominal musculature |
| Most commonly used injectable anesthetic in reptiles | Ketamine (rarely used alone; can be paired with BZDs, opioids, a2-adrenergic agonists) |
| What is induction agent of choice for reptiles & why | Propofol; short acting & can be used in variety of reptiles |
| If Medetomidine is used in reptiles, what is the name of the reversal | Atipamezole |
| Which immobilization/anesthetic agent has been known to cause prolonged recoveries in Chelonians | Tiletamine/zolazepam |
| What is inhalation agent of choice in reptiles & why | Isoflurane; rapid induction & recovery times, minimal depression effects on cardiopulm fxn, limited hepatic & renal fox |
| How do you assess anesthetic depth in turtles | muscular tone and reflexes |
| During a surgical plane of anesthesia, all reptiles exhibit ______ | Resp depression (bradycardia or apnea) |
Created by:
NinaP183
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