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CV II
Cardiovascular II slides for Medical Pharmacology Final
Question | Answer |
---|---|
What is angina? | Sudden, severe, pressing chest pain radiating to the neck, jaw, back and arms |
Why would you need nitroglycerin? | Eventually converted to nitric oxide, which causes vasodilation by relaxing vascular smooth muscle |
When would you use a sodium channel blocker for angina? | Never |
What type of lifestyle modifications would be needed to treat hypertension? | Weight, DASH diet, salt, exercise, alcohol reduction |
Which tree was salycilic acid derived from and has been used since the ancient greek times and what drug is it the precursor for? | Willow tree. Aspirin |
What drug is usually administered sublingually for classic angina or prinzmetal angina? | Nitroglycerin |
Side effect for Nitroglycerin? | Headache |
How must be Nitroglycerin Administration? | After acute chest pain, take one pill sublingually, wait 5 min If pain persists, take another pill sublingually and wait 5 more min If pain still persists, take a third pill and dial 911 |
How does β-Blockers work? | Decreases oxygen demands of the myocardium by lowering both the rate and force of contraction of the heart. |
Calcium channel blockers have an _________ inotropic effect. | Calcium channel blockers have an NEGATIVE inotropic effect |
What types of drugs can be used to treat hypertension? | Alfa-blockers, Beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, Diuretics, Renin inhibitors, Angiotensin receptor blockers |
What is are the normal values for Systolic and Diastolic blood pressure? | 120 mm Hg; 80 mm Hg. |
Can diabetes cause hypertension? | Yes |
People with Angina, Diabetes and/or Hyperlypidemia may develop ____ blood pressure? | People with Angina, Diabetes and/or Hyperlypidemia may develop HIGH blood pressure? |
What are the lifestyle modifications for people recently diagnosed with Hypertension? | Weight maintenance, DASH diet, avoid salty foods, Exercise and no Alcohol. |
What drug can is usually used for Stage 1 Hypertension treatment? | Thiazide-type diuretics. |
What drugs can is usually used for Stage 2 Hypertension treatment? | Two-drug combination for most patients. (Thiazide-type diuretics + ACE inhibitors, B-blockers or CCB) |
African-American patients respond better to which drugs for Hypertension treatment? | Diuretics and Calcium-channel blockers |
African-American patients have a worse response to which drugs for Hypertension treatment? | Beta-blockers or ACE inhibitors. |
What type of drugs is not recommended to treat hypertension in elderly people. | Beta-blockers. |
What type of drugs is recommended to treat hypertension in elderly people. | Calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors and diuretics. |
How diuretics promote lower blood pressure? | By increasing Sodium and Water Secretion. |
Diuretics can induce _____________ and ______________ in 70%. (Potassium and acid uric concentration) | Diuretics can induce HYPOKALEMIA and HYPERURICEMIA in 70%. (Potassium and sugar concentration) |
What are the adverse effects of Beta blockers? | Hypotension, Fatigue, Sexual dysfunction, Bradycardia and Insomnia. |
ACE inhibitors is more effective in which ethnic group? In which condition these drugs would not be effective? | Young caucasian patients, unless they are using diuretics. |
What are the side effects of ACE inhibitors? | Dry cough, rash, fever, altered taste, hypotension and hyperkalemia |
Mainly dilates arterioles by reducing smooth muscle tone. | Calcium Channel Blockers |
Aspirin is a _________ inhibitor – in platelets arachidonic acid is converted by the _________ enzyme into clot forming factors | Aspirin is a COX-1 inhibitor – in platelets arachidonic acid is converted by the COX-1 enzyme into clot forming factors |
What is the role of Heparin? | Anticoagulant |
What are the adverses effects of Heparin? | Bleeding, Hypersensitivity, Trombocytopenia. |
Warfarin is a _________ antagonist | Warfarin is a VITAMIN K antagonist |
Folic acid promotes what cell behavior? How this can be beneficial for anemia treatment? | Cell division, promoting proliferation of red blood cells. |