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Bcom MBM Year 2
Marketing Research
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name the 10 steps of the research process. | Begin with an idea, refine that idea. State research problem/statement. Specify aims and objectives. Literature review. Select methodology. Devise data collection methods. Gather data. Analyse data. Draw conclusions. Complete write-up of thesis/report. |
| Define "literature review". | Always undertaken in order to embed the researcher and research project in the body of knowledge. |
| Define "methodology". | The way in which the research is carried out, as means of supporting the philosophical assumptions that underpin the research project. |
| Define "data collection methods". | The means by which data is gathered for a research project, e.g. observation, interviews, focus groups, questionnaires. |
| Define "data". | Information or evidence gathered for a research project. |
| Define "conclusion". | Essentially a judgement or a final decision. |
| Define "the four frameworks approach". | An approach to carrying out research whereby the conceptual framework shapes, supports and directs the other three frameworks. |
| Name the four frameworks. | Conceptual framework. Theoretical framework. Methodological framework. Analytical framework. |
| Name the four frameworks. | Conceptual framework. Theoretical framework. Methodological framework. Analytical framework. |
| Explain the first framework. | Conceptual framework: Is contained in the one-sentence research question or statement which you, as the researcher, develop from your reflection on your research idea and from your reading of the literature published in the area of your research. |
| State the three important explanations to the first framework. | 1. Each key word and phrase in the sentence is a key concept in research. 2. Concepts are fundamental to research; they're building blocks of theory, which is fundamental to research. 3. It is through building theory, that bodies of knowledge develop. |
| State the two important explanations to the second framework. | 1. This is contained in the literature review undertaken and written for the research project. 2. The key concepts in the conceptual framework help to guide the researcher towards an appropriate structure and the content for the literature review |
| State the three important explanations to the third framework. | 1. Contained in the research methodology section of the report. 2. This contains all the information and detail relating to the methods used in the research project. 3. It is a complete thorough account of how the research was carried out. |
| State the three important explanations to the fourth framework. | 1. Contained in data analysis section of the report. 2. Contains details of the analysis for research that is to be presented in the written account. 3. The researcher is guided in the work of carrying out/presenting data analysis by the other frameworks. |
| State two points on the relationship between the four frameworks and the research projects. | Provides simple framework to guide researchers in the development and completion of research projects. As shown on the previous slide, the conceptual framework for the research project informs and shapes the three subsequent frameworks. |
| Name where each of the frameworks are contained. | Conceptual framework = research statement, question or hypothesis. Theoretical framework contained in literature review. Methodological framework contained in methodology section. Analytical framework contained in data analysis presented in thesis. |
| What is a research diary? | As one begins to engage with the process of creating, designing and developing the research project, it is important to begin to record the thoughts, ideas, inspirations, references, and resources in the research diary. This is a notebook for that purpose |
| Why is it important to keep a research diary? | As changes are experienced in the research, records of initial experiences are useful as they provide comparison with mature experiences. |
| What needs to be developed after a researcher has decided on an area and what is "common research problems"? | Once you have decided on your area, you need an idea for a topic within that area which you can develop into your research project - a common mistake that many beginning researchers make is to define their research project too broadly |
| Define social research. | Social research is about investigating some aspect of the social world. |
| What does social research involve? | It involves developing a question or a statement and then gathering data on the particular phenomenon being investigated in order to answer the question or respond to the statement. |
| What is "imperical evidence"? | Empirical evidence is information or evidence gained from observation, experience or experiment. |
| What are "social research paradigms"? | Social research paradigms are the different perspectives taken by social scientists on the social world. |
| What is positivism in social research associated with? | Positivism in social research is associated with quantitative research, the production and study of numbers and statistics. |
| What does social research use and what is it used for? | Social research uses interviews, observation, oral and life histories, historical data, visual images etc. in order in order to study people’s experiences and expressions, and the meanings people make, of social phenomena and social experiences. |
| What is constructionist paradigm framework associated with? | Such social research is referred to as qualitative research - it is research conducted within an interpretivist paradigm framework, a social constructionist paradigm framework, as opposed to a positivist paradigm framework |
| What is the difference between positivists and constructionists? | See the world differently. Positivists see the world as having one reality of which we are all a part whilst social constructionists see the world as being co-constituted, co-created, socially constructed, and made up of many different realities. |
| What is an interpretivist? | For the interpretivist we each interpret the world in our own way, and through our individual and unique interpretation, we construct our own realities. |
| Which two types of questions does the divide between the paradigms of positivism, social constructionism and interpretivism presents researchers with? | An epistemological question and an ontological question. |
| What is epistemology? | Epistemology is the theory of knowledge; its the branch of philosophy concerned with what knowledge is + how it is created; A researcher who conducts it with a view to present it as a scientific record of an experience presents world with new knowledge. |
| What is ontology? | Ontology is the study of the nature of reality. |
| What does social research provide in order to cope with issues in the creation of knowledge? | In order to cope with these and other issues in the creation of knowledge within the complex nature of reality, social research provides a number of social research paradigms within which social scientists may conduct research. |
| What are these social research paradigms called and what do they include? | These are called research methodologies and they include survey, case study, ethnography, oral history, action research, phenomenology, grounded theory, content analysis, and semiotics. |
| Name the 5 basic skills required by any researcher. | Generate ideas 4 research projects. Identify, source and use appropriate literature. Develop research projects with a good fit. Gather and analyse data. Write well, to be able to communicate clearly, thoroughly and simply. |
| What is the key to developing an idea for a research project? | The key to developing an idea for a research project is to focus on an area of interest and/or of use to you. |
| What is a fundamental question that can be asked in relation to a research idea? | One fundamental question is whether or not the research project you are thinking about fits with requirements of your course of study. |
| Name the four aspects of "fit" in the fundamental question that can be asked in relation to a research idea. | If the population ur using is appropriate for the project. If the research methodology ur using is appropriate. If the data collection methods ur using r appropriate. If the data analysis methods ur using are appropriate in terms of that project. |
| What is the key to turning a research idea into a research project? | The key to turning an idea into a precisely defined research project is focus and the test of researchability. |
| What is researchability? | A project is deemed researchable if the researcher has the time needed, the money required, and the access to data necessary to carry out and complete the research project. |
| What does a research statement do? | A simple research statement clearly expresses your idea for your research project and it becomes the conceptual framework. |
| Where is the conceptual framework contained in? | The conceptual framework for the research project is contained in the research statement or question or in the research hypothesis. |
| What is a hypothesis? | Hypothesis – a predicted or expected answer to a research question. |
| Where is the proposed research methodology normally indicated in? | The proposed research methodology is normally indicated in the research statement, e.g. case study. |
| What is a case study? | A case study is a useful in-depth study of bounded entities, such as n organisation or a single incident or event. |
| Name the two dimensions in every research project in relation to scope. | In relation to scope, there are two dimensions in every research project – the breadth and depth. |
| Define breadth. | Involves the researcher undertaking a broad study, e.g. including three or more companies. |
| Define depth. | Involves doing a more in-depth study on a single company. |
| Describe the relationship between depth and breadth. | More depth in a study means less breadth. |
| Name an explain the three constraints when one is considering a research project to do. | Validity: relates to how logical, sound, useful etc. the research in question is. Reliability: the dependability of the research. Triangulation: studying the phenomenon under investigation from more than one perspective, e.g. researcher, theoretical etc. |
| What is an aim? | An aim is a general statement of what you intend to accomplish. |
| What are objectives? | Objectives specify how you intend to accomplish this aim. |
| What guides you in terms of the literature you need to begin to read? | Your idea for your research project guides you in terms of the literature you need to begin to read. |
| What is literature? | In the context of research projects, literature is research that has already been carried out and published. |
| Name a few examples of appropriate literature. | Appropriate literature is literature that has been published in journal articles, in books, in government papers and reports, in theses, in reports of conference proceedings. |
| What framework is contained in the literature review? | The literature review contains the theoretical framework for the research project. |
| What needs to be done before an appropriate research question/statement can be made? | You have to have read some of the literature before you can fully and thoroughly outline a research question or statement for the research project. |
| What is theorised research? | Theorised research is research that emerges from a body of knowledge and in turn makes a contribution to a body of knowledge. |
| Name four reasons why a researcher reads literature. | Understand the area within which they are conducting their research. Develop some knowledge and expertise in this area. Develop an awareness of what is known in this area. Identify gaps in the knowledge in this area. |
| Within the literature review, where could a researcher get ideas for a research project and why? | In general, published accounts of research projects make recommendations for further research and these recommendations are useful places to explore when attempting to develop an idea for a research project. |
| Oralise the methodological triangle. | Fundamental philosophies. Research methodologies. Data collection methods. |
| What is plagiarism? | Plagiarism is the use and or presentation of somebody else’s work or ideas as your own. |
| How can one avoid plagiarism? | You can avoid an accusation of plagiarism by properly referencing everything that you take from any and every source and then use in your own writing or in any work that you present as your own. |
| What is a bibliography? | It is a list of all of the published work used in the research. |
| Give 5 examples of things that would appear under a bibliography. | All of the books. Chapters in books. Journal articles. Theses. Conference reports and proceedings. Web references. Newspaper and magazine articles. Radio and television. Programmes and films. Published photographs. Other visual material. |
| What does a bibliography demonstrate? | The bibliography demonstrates the breadth and depth of your reading, shown by the variety of sources you have used in your research. |
| What are appendices? | Appendices are used to detail any document or artefact relevant to the research but not detailed in the body of the research project. |
| Give 3 examples of appendices. | letters of letters written for the research project, copies of data collection methods and instruments, questionnaires, interview schedules, observation schedules, Likert scales. |
| Define "ethics" in market research. | Ethics can be defined as a process of reasoning in terms of the right thing to do. |
| Name two questions that should be asked in each stage of the research project in order to practice ethics. | What are the potential harms/risks that might arise from the research and from the manner in which you engage with the research and the standard set for the research? |
| Which framework does the ethics of a research project become part of? | The reflects on the ethical issues in each phase of the research process and the ethical reflection becomes part of the methodological framework of the research project. |
| Define "ethics" in business research. | Ethics can be also be defined as the moral principles governing the conduct of an individual, a group or an organisation. |
| Explain ethics in business research. | Ethics in business research is simply the application of ethical principles and the standards to business research. |
| What is essential in ethics in business research? | Essential in ethics and ethical standards is a capacity to distinguish between right and wrong. |
| Why is ethics important in research? | When we undertake research, we are representing ourselves and our institution or the wider community and must consequently adopt in our research endeavour the highest ethical standards. |
| To undertake research ethically, we must...? (2) | 1. Understand the basic concepts of research. 2. Understand the basic steps in the research process. |
| Name the six ethical principles in research. | Do no harm. Integrity. Plagiarism. Validity. Power. Transparency. |
| Name the two important and basic precepts in research ethics and name the two basic aspects of these precepts. | Two important and basic precepts in research ethics are those of confidentiality and anonymity and two aspects of these precepts are those of informed consent and data protection. |
| Define "confidentiality". | Confidentiality refers to the guarantee of non-disclosure of certain information. |
| Define "anonymity". | Anonymity means free from identification. |
| Define "informed consent". | Informed consent is an agreement given by a person to participate in some action, after being informed of the possible consequences. |
| Name two reasons why development of information sheets and informed consent forms are constructed. | Development of information sheets and informed consent forms usually happens when the research is complex and as a requirement of a Research Ethics Committee. |
| Name and explain 4 ethical issues in research. | Privileged access: access individual/site provides advantage to those in securing access. Intrusion: unwarranted engagement on a person/place. Vulnerable populations: populations which have are vulnerable (social position/age). Gather unnecessary data. |
| What are research ethics committees? | These are committees made up of people appointed by the organisation to oversee the ethical standards of research conducted within the organisation. |
| Name the four questions for the planning phases of the research process. | Is the research useful? Will the research make a contribution to knowledge? Do I know enough about the topic to conduct this research? Do I know enough about research methodology to conduct this research to a high standard? |
| Name the two questions for the literature review. | Have I engaged properly and thoroughly with the literature on this topic? Have I scrupulously avoided presenting a skewed perspective on the literature? |
| Name the three questions for the population and sample. | Is the population chosen for the research the appropriate population? Is the sample selected, if using a sample, an appropriate sample? Is the sampling method used the appropriate sampling method? |
| Name the three questions for the research methodology. | Is the proposed research methodology appropriate? Does it fit with the aim of the research and with the population of the study? |
| Name the three questions for the data gathering. | Are the data gathering techniques chosen for and/or designed for the research appropriate? Will the data gathering methods chosen yield the data required for the research? Are the data gathering methods too intrusive? |
| Name the four questions for negotiating access. | Do I have permissions needed to access the fieldwork? Do I have good relation with all da gatekeepers + participants in da rsrch? Am I being as open/honest as pssbl about da rsrch? Are thr ethical issues in da openness/transparency of da research? |
| Name the FIRST TWO questions in ethical engagement. | Have I ensured as much as possible to explain and neutralise any potential harms and risks for participants? Do I have a clear understanding of the potential risks to participants through their participation in the research? |
| Name the SECOND THREE questions in ethical engagement. | Have I thoroughly communicated these potential risks to potential participants? Have all of the participants read and signed an informed consent form? Have I guaranteed the participants confidentiality and anonymity? |
| Name the THIRD THREE questions in ethical engagement. | Can I guarantee confidentiality and anonymity? How can I guarantee confidentiality and anonymity? Have I provided participants with my contact details should they have any concerns at any stage about the research? |
| Name the LAST ONE questions in ethical engagement. | Do my participants know that they can withdraw from my research at any time without any consequence to them or for them? |
| Name the six questions for the data management. | Do I have a plan for the management of data? Where will the data be held? Is this a secure place? Who will have access to the data? Will the data be coded for anonymity and confidentiality? Do I have a plan for the appropriate disposal of data? |
| Name the three questions for the data analysis. | Have I the necessary skills to properly analyse the data? Do I have enough time for data gathering and data analysis? Are my conclusions rooted in my data and have they clearly emerged from my data? |
| Name the six questions for completing the research. | Ar my conclusions insightful? Do my conclusions add substantially to knowledge in this field? Are my recommendations reasonable and achievable? Have I properly and thoroughly referenced my work? Is my research of a high standard? Is my research ethical? |
| Name the two questions for disseminating research. | How is my research to be disseminated? How will I provide feedback on the findings of my research, if required, to individual and institutional participants? |
| Differentiate between qualitative data and quantitative data. | Quantitative data is data in the form of numbers, numerical data. Qualitative data is data is non-numerical data. |
| Name the 4 steps in undertaking a literature review. | The researcher first sources the literature. Then s/he downloads and saves the literature. Then s/he reads the literature. Finally, s/he begins to construct from the literature s/he has read the theoretical framework for their research project. |
| Name the relation between research, theory and knowledge in 5 points. | Conceptual + theoretical frameworks guide research for data gathering. The analysed data is theorised. Findings of research r knitted into body of knowledge. New theory or a theory extension results. This is new knowledge created by the research project. |
| Name the 4 ways you can generate ideas for a research project. | Everything studied while working towards a qualification. Everything youve seen, experienced etc in your carreer. Everything that interests you about the business world. Every person encountered in the business world. |
| Name the 5 questions that can be asked in terms of developing a sense of the scope of a research project. | What is da standard for the R? What is the wordcount allocated? Is the R for an undergrad or postgrad degree? Are you tasked with designing a R project / conduct the R? Are you restricted in terms of the kind of R to undertake? R u expected 2 do survey R? |
| Can your research question and aim be the same and why? | They can be the same for simplicity reasons. |
| What is a sample literature review? | A sample literature review, which is what you are required to write for a research proposal is a sample, or a small example of the actual or proposed literature review. |
| How many words should a sample literature review contain? | 300-800, depending on word count for research proposal. |
| Explain the format for a research proposal. | Heading. Research question/statement. Aim and objectives. Sample literature review. Research methodology. (sub) Population of the study. (sub) Data collection methods. (sub) context for the research. Rationale for the research. |
| Name four reasons why a researcher undertakes a literature review. | To develop their own expertise or scholarship. To establish the known/unknown in the field. To highlight gaps in the knowledge of the field. To be able to create a theoretical framework for the research project. |
| When does the researcher read literature? | Even though its the fourth stage, it begins as soon as the research is undertaken by the researcher and continues throughout the project. |
| How is a research project reported in media? | Short due to space restrictions. Brief summary of project. |
| Explain the relationship between the conceptual and theoretical framework? | If the word “development” appears in the conceptual framework, it will be a major feature of the theoretical framework. |
| How does one generate useful and thorough key word searches? | In order to generate useful and thorough key word searches, the researcher develops a search strategy. |
| Explain the relationship between the conceptual and theoretical framework? | If the word “development” appears in the conceptual framework, it will be a major feature of the theoretical framework. |
| How does one generate useful and thorough key word searches? | In order to generate useful and thorough key word searches, the researcher develops a search strategy. |
| Where can the search strategy be outlined? | The search strategy can be outlined in the research diary. |
| Explain the relationship between the conceptual and theoretical framework? | If the word “development” appears in the conceptual framework, it will be a major feature of the theoretical framework. |
| How does one generate useful and thorough key word searches? | In order to generate useful and thorough key word searches, the researcher develops a search strategy. |
| Where can the search strategy be outlined? | The search strategy can be outlined in the research diary. |
| What are the key objectives of the search? | A key objective of the search is that the researcher identifies, sources and develops an understanding of all of the literature relevant to their study. |
| What is the first thing to do in terms of writing the literature review? | The first thing to do in terms of writing the literature review is to develop a plan for its structure. |
| Explain the relationship between the conceptual and theoretical framework? | If the word “development” appears in the conceptual framework, it will be a major feature of the theoretical framework. |
| How does one generate useful and thorough key word searches? | In order to generate useful and thorough key word searches, the researcher develops a search strategy. |
| Where can the search strategy be outlined? | The search strategy can be outlined in the research diary. |
| What are the key objectives of the search? | A key objective of the search is that the researcher identifies, sources and develops an understanding of all of the literature relevant to their study. |
| What is the first thing to do in terms of writing the literature review? | The first thing to do in terms of writing the literature review is to develop a plan for its structure. |
| What is the structure for a literature review? | Good introduction and a good summary; the use of sub-sections with good sub-headings; the use of proper paragraphs and proper sentences; the elimination of spelling, syntax, grammatical and punctuation errors. |
| What is important in the structure of a literature review? | Good introduction and a good summary; the use of sub-sections with good sub-headings; the use of proper paragraphs and proper sentences; the elimination of spelling, syntax, grammatical and punctuation errors. |
| What is the structure for a literature review? | Introduction. Sub-headings (2-5). Summary. |
| What is the reader trying to establish when reading a literature review? | The researcher is trying to establish the value of the literature in relation to their own research. |
| Name the questions for the conclusion of the research. | Are there conclusions? Are they reasonable? Do the conclusions emerge clearly from the findings? Are the conclusions meaningful? Do they evidence a deep level of reflection on the part of the researcher? |
| Name the questions for the recommendations of the research. | Are there recommendations? Are the recommendations clear and simple? Do the recommendations make sense? Are the recommendations achievable, are they do-able? Are there recommendations for further research? |
| What is important in the structure of a literature review? | Good introduction and a good summary; the use of sub-sections with good sub-headings; the use of proper paragraphs and proper sentences; the elimination of spelling, syntax, grammatical and punctuation errors. |
| What is the structure for a literature review? | Introduction. Sub-headings (2-5). Summary. |
| What is the reader trying to establish when reading a literature review? | The researcher is trying to establish the value of the literature in relation to their own research. |
| Name the questions for the conclusion of the research. | Are there conclusions? Are they reasonable? Do the conclusions emerge clearly from the findings? Are the conclusions meaningful? Do they evidence a deep level of reflection on the part of the researcher? |
| Name the questions for the recommendations of the research. | Are there recommendations? Are the recommendations clear and simple? Do the recommendations make sense? Are the recommendations achievable, are they do-able? Are there recommendations for further research? |
| Name the questions for the overall appraisal of the research. | Overall, is the report of the research well written? Is the research well-presented? Has the research been carried out to a high standard? Does the research make a contribution to knowledge? |
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