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ES 06-08 MEGA-Stack
Earth's Layers, Plate Tectonics, Volcanoes, Earthquakes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| deepest hole ever dug by man, 7.5 miles deep, in Russia | Kola Superdeep Borehole |
| thinnest, least dense upper layer of Earth that makes up 1% of Earth's mass | crust |
| top two elements in Earth's crust | #1. oxygen (46%) 2. silicon (28%) |
| igneous rock type that is most common in continental crust | granite |
| igneous rock type that is most common in oceanic crust | basalt |
| one of the pieces of Earth's crust that float around, changing position over time | tectonic plate |
| largest layer of Earth's crust (~80% of Earth's volumer), its a molten slush that contains the Asthenosphere and part of the Lithosphere | mantle |
| rotating/swirling movement in Earth's mantle that causes the surface plates to shift position over time | convection current |
| brittle, rocky ('crunchy') layer of Earth, containing the crust and the upper part of the mantle | lithosphere |
| the rise and fall of convection currents in Earth's mantle occur because of differences in this property caused by temperature differences and different depths | density |
| 'plastic' layer of the upper mantle upon which the lithosphere floats and shifts | asthenosphere |
| two most common elements in Earth's core | iron nickel |
| liquid metal layer of Earth whose motions are (probably) responsible for Earth's magnetic field | outer core |
| Earth's solid rotating center make of Fe/Ni, density 13, pressure 2 million times greater than surface, temperatures over 10,000° F | inner core |
| mostly iron-rich basalt, this sublayer is 7 km thick on average and formed at mid-ocean ridges | oceanic crust |
| mostly silicate-rich granite, this sublayer is 35 km thick on average, may be up to 4 billion years old, and is only one that contains fossils | continental crust |
| boundary between Earth's crust and mantle discovered by the way it affected seismic (earthquake) waves | Mohorovicic discontinuity (Moho) |
| theory that earth's continents were once a single landmass | Continental Drift |
| person who proposed the theory of continental drift | Wegener |
| single landmass of joined continents that existed around 250 mya | Pangaea |
| jigsaw fit, similar mountains and fossils on different coastlines, etc | evidence in support of continental drift |
| tropical fern fossil found on what are now diverse continents that suggested they all had a similar climate in the past | Glossopteris |
| any one of the three fossil animals whose wide distribution was cited as evidence of the continents having been connected in the past | Cynognathus Lystrosaurus Mesosaurus |
| fossil remains of tropic ferns suggest this location on earth for Pangaea | near equator |
| evidence found in Antarctica that suggests it was once located in a tropical climate | coal beds |
| deposits from these in parts of Africa, India, Australia and South America suggest these areas were once located near the south pole | glaciers |
| did not explain what force could have pushed the continents apart nor how they could move through earth's (solid) surface | why continental drift was rejected at first |
| device which can detect small changes in magnetic fields | magnetometer |
| uses reflection of sound waves to measure depth of the ocean floor | sonar |
| world's longest mountain range(s) found beneath earth's waters | mid-ocean ridges |
| very low places in earth's oceanic crust where subduction pulls one plate down and drags the edge of the other with it | deep sea trenches |
| name of deepest ocean trench | Mariana |
| age of oceanic crust compared to continental | younger (by a lot) |
| thickness of sediments on ocean floor compared to on land | thinner |
| study of the history of earth's magnetic field | paleomagnetism |
| describes the process of earth's N-S field changing directions | magnetic reversal |
| current orientation of earth's magnetic field | normal polarity |
| orientation of earth's magnetic field opposite of today's directon | reverse polarity |
| mineral in oceanic crust that records direction of earth's magnetic field at the time of its solidification from magma | magnetite |
| a line on a map that shows points of the same age | isochron |
| process by which new oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges | sea floor spreading |
| describes rising of magma to fill in gap as sea floor spreads | upwelling |
| theory that earth's lithosphere is broken into pieces that move around | plate tectonics |
| plate boundary that creates new ocean floor or rift valleys | divergent |
| plate boundary that destroys ocean floors or creates folded mountains | convergent |
| process that occurs when oceanic crust is pulled under other oceanic or continental crust at a convergent boundary | subduction |
| oceanic-oceanic convergence leads to a trench and this series of structures rising from the seafloor below (ex: Mariana or Aleutians) | volcanic island arc |
| oceanic-continental convergence leads to subduction, a trench, and lots of these along the coastline of the continent (ex: in Andes along coast of Chile/Peru) | volcanoes |
| continental-continental convergence leads to these forming since neither can subduct below the other (ex: Himalayas) | folded mountains |
| plate boundary where one side slides past the other | transform (slip-strike) |
| world's most famous transform plate boundary in California | San Andreas |
| any one of the 3 causes of plate motion as described in notes | convection in mantle, ridge push, slab pull |
| plate boundary LEAST likely to be associated with a volcano | transform (slip strike) |
| to nearest 10, how many volcanoes are erupting at any moment? | 20 |
| describes all processes that emit magma, hot fluids, ash and gases | volcanism |
| most land based volcanoes occur along this type of plate boundary | convergent |
| common name for the Circum-Pacific volcano belt | Ring of Fire |
| 2/3 of all volcanism occurs underwater along this plate boundary type | mid-ocean ridge (oceanic-oceanic divergent) |
| new ocean floor is often made of this lumpy lava extrusion | pillow lava |
| located far from a plate boundary, it is an area where very hot magma rises and melts through the crust, often forming a chain of volcanoes | hot spot |
| world's most active volcano, and location | Kilauea, Hawaii |
| when a hot spot occurs under a continent, fissure volcanoes often produce this extensive area of extruded, dark lava | flood basalt |
| location of the Daccan Traps flood basalt which may have affected global climate 65 mya | India |
| reservoir of molten rock that supplies a volcano | magma chamber |
| tubelike passage that transports magma through a volcano to the surface | conduit |
| opening that lets lava emerge from a volcano | vent |
| small depression that typically surrounds the vent of a volcano | crater |
| very large depression around a volcano vent formed if a magma chamber empties and collapses in on itself | caldera |
| the mountain-like structure formed by a volcano over time | cone |
| largest volcano type, gently sloping, often circular, nonexplosive formation from fairly fluid lava (ex: Hawaiian volcanoes) | shield volcano |
| generally a smaller, steep-sided volcano formed from pyroclasts (i.e. 'crunchy', often produced during explosive eruptions...most common cone type | cinder cone |
| scoria, ash, cinders...any small pieces of lava produced by a volcano | pyroclasts |
| formed from alternating layers of ash and hardened lava, this medium to large volcano type often is a cone with concave sides | stratovolcano (composite cone) |
| stratovolcano in Washington state that erupted in 1980, and included the largest land slide in recorded history | Mount St. Helens |
| generic name for any intrusive igneous rock body | pluton |
| granite pluton that is both huge and irregularly shaped (Sierra Nevada is one example) | batholith |
| lens-shaped magma pluton that forms under bowed up rock layers | laccolith |
| an intrusive pluton that may be thin or thick and runs parallel to existing rock layers | sill |
| an intrusive pluton that may be thin or thick and runs perpendicular to existing rock layers | dike |
| any of the forces that act on rock along a plate boundary causing deformation | stress |
| stress that squeezes rock along a fault | compression |
| stress that tries to pull rock apart along a fault | tension |
| stress that tries to twist rock along a fault | shear |
| in general, any deformation that occurs in rock in response to stress along a fault | strain |
| describes strain (deformation) in rock which disappears if stress acting on the rock is reduced | elastic deformation |
| describes strain (deformation) in rock which permanently distorts it when stress exceeds the elastic limit | plastic deformation |
| describes what happens to rock when the stress acting on it exceeds rock strength | failure (breakage) |
| any fracture in earth's crust along which movement may occur | fault |
| describes a fault that results in one side dropping lower as tension (pulling) forces act on the fault | normal fault |
| describes a fault that results in one side moving upward as compression (squeezing) forces act on the fault | reverse fault |
| describes a fault along which shear (twisting) forces cause horizontal movement | slip-strike fault |
| synonym for 'earthquake waves' | seismic waves |
| fastest seismic waves that cause earth to vibrate parallel to the direction of the wave | Primary (P) waves |
| seismic waves that cause earth to vibrate perpendicular to the direction of the wave and only travel through solids | Secondary (S) waves |
| seismic waves that cause most of the damage during earthquakes, moving along the top of the ground and causing particles to move in circles | surface waves |
| exact origin of an earthquake, often well below the surface | focus |
| area on surface of earth directly above location of earthquake origin | epicenter |
| instrument that detects seismic waves | seismometer (seismograph) |
| paper or data record of waves produced by earthquake | seismogram |
| graph showing arrival time for S and P waves for distances | travel-time curve |
| number of seismometer stations whose seismograms are required to find location of an epicenter | three (3) |
| process of locating an epicenter using the data from three seismometer stations | triangulation |
| S waves do not move through this layer of earth, indicating that it must be liquid | outer core |
| this scale numerically rates the energy of seismic waves (based on size of the largest) | Richter scale |
| height of a wave (earthquake or otherwise) | amplitude |
| energy of seismic waves as rated by the Richter scale | magnitude |
| how much greater is the amplitude of largest seismic waves for a magnitude increase of 1 | 10x |
| how much greater is the energy of largest seismic waves for a magnitude increase of 1 | 32x |
| this scale rates the total amount of energy released by an earthquake and is most often cited by news reporters when describing an earthquake size | moment magnitude scale |
| this scale measures the damage caused by an earthquake on a scale of I to XII | Mercalli scale |
| structural failure during an earthquake that occurs when floors of a tall building collapse on top of each other | "pancaking" |
| failure of ground during an earthquake where water-saturated soil acts like a liquid, often causing buildings to sink and/or buried objects to float up | soil liquefaction |
| fast-moving wave formed when seafloor rises and lifts a column of water during a quake, often causing the most damage/loss of life | tsunami |
Created by:
goakley
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