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US History STAAR PES

US History STAAR Political, Economic and Social Issues

TermDefinition
Political Issue - Indian Policies Resettled American Indians on reservations in western areas of the US in order to make room for whites in desirable areas
Political Issues - Indian Policies Destruction of the buffalo and Plains culture, assimilated children by removing them from families and placing children in boarding schools
Political Issues - Indian Policies American Indians were not granted citizenship until after World War I
Political Issues - Growth of Political Machines Tammany Hall, Boss Tweed; helped acclimate new immigrants into urban life but also influenced elections through corruption
Political Issues - Civil Service Reform Proponents denounced the distribution of office by the winners of elections to their supporters as corrupt and inefficient.
Political Issues - Civil Service Reform Proponents demanded nonpartisan scientific methods and credentials to be civil servants.
Political Issues - Civil Service Reform Important reforms - Tenure of Office Acts of 1820 and 1867; Pendleton Act of 1883
Political Issues - Beginnings of Populism Represented issues which parties ignored; can end up splitting the major party with which they have the most similarities leading to a win in the other party
Political Issues - Beginnings of Populism Political oriented coalition of agrarian reformers in the Middle West and South (Farmer's Alliance) organized into the Peolple's Party or Populism
Economic Issues - Growth of Railroads Rise of maunfacturing economy and the decline of the agricultural economy
Economic Issues - Growth of Labor Unions labor unions, such as carpenters, printers, shoemakers, railroad workers, and farmers grew steadily in the industrial cities after 1870
Economic Issues - Growth of Labor Unions unions used frequent short strikes as a method to attain control over the labor market, and fight off competing unions
Economic Issues - Farm Issues Because of the failure of the Grange to solve agrarian problems through its self-help programs, farmers began to become more militant
Economic Issues - Farm Issues Farmers Alliance, a much more politically-oriented organization, began to attract more and more support in the 1880s as it demanded a governmental response to the plight of the farmer
Economic Issues - Cattle Industry Boom Cattle industry moves into western and southwestern plains; rise in beef demands created cattle drives to railroads to ship cattle to East; Famous trails include Chisholm, Western, & Goodnight-Loving
Economic Issues - Rise of Entrpreneurship Organization of productive resources by a person willing to take risk to start a business
Economic Issues - Free Enterprise Belief that businesses can operate competitively for a profit with little government involvement/regulation; hallmark of American economic policy
Economic Issues - Free Enterprise Robber Barons: called this because of ruthless tactics they used to destroy competition and keep down workers’ wages.
Economic Issues - Pro's of Big Business efficiencies of large-scale production meant prices lowered, making goods more affordable; helped raise standard of living
Economic Issues - Pro's of Big Business introduced innovative practices which created more jobs; led to introduction of new inventions and technologies
Economic Issues - Con's of Big Business ruthless tactics used to destroy competition, create monopolies, and keep down workers’ wages
Economic Issues - Con's of Big Business created unsafe working conditions; polluted the environment and wasted natural resources
Social Issues - Women The Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) advocated for the prohibition of alcohol.
Social Issues - Women The National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) was one of the first groups to argue for women's suffrage.
Social Issues - Minorities Many blacks voted with their feet and left the South to seek better conditions; they moved to Northern cities during what became known as the Great Migration
Social Issues - Minorities Jim Crow legislation prevented blacks from voting and serving on juries and created a system of legal racial segregation in public and private facilities such as schools, hospitals, trains, restaurants, stores, lunchrooms, restrooms, and fitting rooms
Social Issues - Children Child labor became an issue in the early 20th century, with the National Child Labor Committee pushing for the abolition of all child labor in exchange for compulsory education.
Social Issues - Children Child labor refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives children of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful.
Social Issues - Immigrants the largest numbers of immigrants were comprised of Europeans seeking economic opportunity and Africans who were forcibly brought to the U.S. as slaves; faced harsh living conditions and discrimination
Social Issues - Urbanization (the rapid growth of cities) ;went hand in hand with industrialization (the growth of factories and railroads), as well as expansion of farming
Social Issues - Social Gospel Protestant Christian intellectual movement that was most prominent in the early 20th century United States and Canada
Social Issues - Social Gospel Applied Christian ethics to social problems, especially issues of social justice such as excessive wealth, poverty, alcoholism, crime, racial tensions, slums, bad hygiene, child labor, inadequate labor unions, poor schools, and the danger of war.
Social Issues - Philanthropy of Industrialists rise of American philanthropy (referred to by Andrew Carnegie as the "Gospel of Wealth") that used private money to endow thousands of colleges, hospitals, museums, academies, schools, opera houses, public libraries, symphony orchestras, and charities
 

 



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