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Chapter 19

Vocabulary

TermDefinition
stress forces per unit area that act on a material- compression, tension and shear.
strain deformation of materials in response to stress.
elastic deformaiton causes materials to bend and stretch; proportional to stress, so if the stress is reduced or returns to zero the stain or deformation is reduced or disappears.
plastic deformaiton permanent deformation caused by strain when stress exceeds a certain value.
fault fracture or system of fractures in Earth's crust that occurs when stress is applied too quickly or stress is too great; can form as a result of horizontal compression, horizontal shear, or horizontal tension.
seismic wave the vibrations of the ground during an earthquake.
primary wave seismic wave that squeezes and pushes rocks in the same direction that the wave travels, known as P-waves.
focus point of the initial fault rupture where an earthquake originates that usually lies at least several kilometers beneath Earth's surface.
epicenter point on Earth's surface directly above the focus of an Earthquake.
seismometer instrument used to measure horizontal or vertical motion during an earthquake.
seimogram record produced by a seismometer that can provide individual tracking of each type of seismic wave.
Richter scale numerical rating system used to measure the amount of energy released during an earthquake.
magnitude measure of the energy released during an earthquake, which can be described using the Richter scale.
amplitude magnitude scale the size of the seismic waves; an increase of 1 in the scale represents an increase in amplitude of a factor of 10.
modified Mercalli scale measures earthquake intensity on a scale from I to XII; the higher the number, the greater the damage the earthquake has caused.
soil liquefaction process associated with seismic vibrations that occur in areas of sand that is nearly saturated; resulting in the ground behaving like a liquid.
tsunami large powerful ocean wave generated by the vertical motions of the seafloor during an earthquake; in shallow water, can from huge, fast moving breakers exceeding 30 m in height tha can damage coastal areas.
seismic gap place along an active fault that has not experienced an earthquake for a long time.
Created by: kindredmcdaniel
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