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Micro Viral Infect
Micro106 - Viral Infections upper respiratory tract
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Influenza? | Influenza is a highly contagious acute disease of the upper respiratory tract. It is transmitted by airborne droplets. |
| Influenza A | Influenza A strikes every year and causes most epidemics. It circulates in ducks, chickens, pigs & humans. |
| Influenza B | Strikes only humans every year but is less common than type A |
| Influenza C | Causes a mild respiratory illness but not epidemics |
| What are the characteristics of Influenza? | It is composed of eight single-stranded segments of RNA forming separate nucleocapsids, surrounded by matrix protein & an outer envelope. |
| What are they spikes on the Influenza virion? | Hemagglutin (H) helps the virion attach and penetrate host cells. Neuraminidase (N) helps release virions from the host cell after replication & assembly. |
| What is the pathogenesis of Influenza? | Virion attaches to host cells via hemagglutinin spikes. The viral envelope fuses with host membrane. RNA genome separates from necleocapsid. Replication takes place. Mature viruses obtain their envelope upon budding from the host cell. |
| How is influenza prevented & treated? | A new flu strain evolves every year requiring development of new vaccines. Antivirial medications are an option. However they must be taken early and only shorten duration by about 1 day. |
| What complications can arise from influenza? | Pneumonia or secondary infections occur in infants, elderly & immunocompromised people. |
| What is Reye’s syndrome? | Reye’s syndrome occurs in children when aspirin is taken with a viral infection. |
| What is Antigenic drift? | Individual point mutations result in minor physical changes to spike proteins. Structural changes in spike proteins minimize effectiveness of immunity to previous strains. |
| What is Antigenic shift? | Viral strains are drastically different from previous strains. Usually results from genetic assortment. Occurs when two different viruses infect a mutual host cell at the same time. |
| What are the characteristics of Rhinoviruses? | They are small, non-enveloped, single stranded RNA viruses. Transmitted by airborne droplets or contact with contaminated surfaces. More than 100 different strains can cause common colds. |
| What is the pathogenesis of rhinoviruses? | Viruses attach to specific receptors on respiratory epithelial cells. Injured cells cause inflammation, inflammation stimulates profuse nasal secretions, sneezing & tissue swelling. |
| What are Adenoviruses? | There are 45 different types of non-enveloped, with double stranded DNA genome. |
| What is the pathogenesis for adenoviruses? | Transmitted through respiratory droplets. Attach to specific receptors on epithelial cells. Cell destruction causes inflammation. Can progress to viral pneumonia. Remains infectious in the environment for extended time. |
| What is Respiratory syncytial disease? | Caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Most common lower respiratory infection in children under 1 year of age. |
| What is the pathogenesis of RSV? | It infects the bronchioles and alveoli of the lungs causing viral pneumonia. It causes cells to fuse together into synctia or giant multinucleated cells. |
| What is SARS? | SARS is severe acute respiratory syndrome. |
| What are the characteristics of the SARS virus? | It is an enveloped, single stranded RNA virus with helical symmetry. |
| How is SARS spread? | SARS is spread by contact with and object or person by respiratory droplets. Prevention & treatment include isolation for at least 10 days after the fever has broken. |
| What causes chicken pox? | Varicella-zoster virus causes chicken pox. Prior to vaccine development, annual incidence was in the millions. A highly communicable disease transmitted by respiratory droplets & skin lesions. |
| What is the pathogenesis of chicken pox? | Virus enters through the respiratory route, enters the blood stream and then moves to the skin. Vesicles are filled with infectious virus laden fluid |
| What are the complications of chicken pox? | Most common complication is bacterial infection of the skin, pneumonia & encephalitis can occasionally occur. |
| What are Shingles? | Shingles are a latent disease caused by reactivation of varicella-zoster virus. Virions enter the sensory nerves and remain dormant. Upon reactivation, virus travels to the body trunk and causes painful blisters. |
| What are the characteristics of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) | HSV-1 is a medium sized enveloped double stranded DNA virus. |
| What is the pathology of HSV-1? | Virus is transmitted by saliva, multiplies in epithelial cells of the mouth. Cold sores containing large numbers of mature viruses develop on the lips & mouth. |
| What is HSV-2? | HSV-2 causes genital herpes, it is one of the most common STDs. Virus exists in nerve cells in latent stage. Can be passed to newborn during birth. |
| How can HSV-2 be prevented & treated? | No cure for genital herpes. Avoidance of sexual intercourse especially during outbreaks can be transmitted in absence of symptoms. Antiviral medications can shorten & decrease the number of outbreaks. |
| What are the characteristics of measles or rubeola? | A highly contagious disease. Rubeola virus is a pleomorphic medium shaped enveloped, single stranded RNA virion. That is transmitted by respiratory droplet. Vaccine is given in the MMR inoculation. |
| What is the pathology of rubeola? | Virus replicates in the epithelium of the upper respiratory tract, it spreads to the lymph nodes and body. Koplik spots are red patches that appear along the gum line 2 to 4 days prior to onset. |
| What are the characteristics of the mumps virus? | It is an enveloped single stranded RNA virus that is transmitted by respiratory droplets or contact with contaminated objects. |
| What is the pathology of mumps? | Virus reproduces in the upper respiratory tract and spreads throughout the body in the blood stream. It has a long incubation period of 2-3 weeks. Virus multiplies in the epithelium of the salivary ducts, inflammatory response causes swelling. |
| What are the characteristics of the Rubella virus? | Humans are the only host for this virus. It is an enveloped single stranded RNA virus that is transmitted by respiratory droplet or contact. |
| What is the pathology of the rubella virus? | Rubella enters the body via respiratory route, multiplies in the nasopharynx then enters the blood stream and spreads to body tissues. Congenital rubella occurs when the fetus is infected through the placenta, which can lead to severe birth defects. |
| What are the characteristics of the HPV virus? | HPV is a small, non-enveloped, double stranded DNA virus, 100 different strains. Some strains can survive on inanimate objects. |
| What is the pathology of HVP? | Virus infects deeper cells of epidermis; reproduces in the nucleus of cells, infected cells grow abnormally causing warts. |
| What are the characteristics of the small pox virus? | Small pox or variola is caused by a brick shaped, double stranded DNA virus. It is transmitted by contact and can be a fatal disease. |
| What is the pathology of small pox? | Pink to red macules appear on the face & body, become papules and fluid filled vesicles. |
| Small pox vaccination | Edward Jenner pioneered a vaccine based on cow pox. 1966 began global eradication of small pox. Govt has stock pile of virus. Small pox was passed to the native Americans by trading infected blankets. |
Created by:
jrb265
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