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Sociology 100 BMCC

theories/theoretical concepts and Sociological Topics

QuestionAnswer
What is Sociology ? scientific study of human social life, groups and society.
When we think of the Sociological Imagination we can say? we are letting go of our own ideas to understand how society around us has influence
Understanding Social change Early sociological thinkers tried to interpret the process of social change taking place between the 19th-20th centuries, specifically the changes resulting from the Industrial Revolution
Émile Durkheim Social cohesion Organic solidarity: interdependence arising out of the division of labor Anomie breakdown of rules and norms leads to anxiety and disorientation in individuals
Karl Max Believed Struggle and tension between opposing forces causes social change Materialist conception of history: material, economic influences drive social change and historical development Capitalism as main dynamic of modern development
Max Weber Subjective meanings of individual actions Rationalization of modern, Western society – move toward goal-oriented rational action Bureaucracy: large organizational structure based on hierarchy
Harriet Martineau Believed Sociologists should focus on? Women’s lives Previously ignored issues like marriage, children, domestic and religious life Improving society
W.E.B Du bois Double consciousness One’s identity is shaped by historical experiences and social circumstances
Modern Theoretical Approaches Build on classical theories But help us to study modern social events and interactions
Symbolic Interactionist Approach Theoretical approach that emphasizes the symbolic nature of interaction, especially through language
Funtionalism Theoretical approach based on the notion that social events can best be explained in terms of the functions they perform
Marxism and Conflict Theory Society is characterized by division and class conflict over scarce or valued material resources
Feminine and feminist theory Contemporary perspectives that place issues of gender and women at the forefront of sociological analysis and emphasize social reform and action
Levels of analysis Microsociology: study of everyday behavior in face-to-face interactions Macrosociology: analysis of large-scale social systems, such as the political system or economic order
Microsociology: study of everyday behavior in face-to-face interactions
Macrosociology: analysis of large-scale social systems, such as the political system or economic order
What is culture? consists of the values a given group holds, the languages they speak, the symbols they revere, the norms they follow, and the material goods they create
we could think about culture as? conformity “society’s glue” Cultures and subcultures
Culture- Nature vs. nurture: Are we shaped by biology or are we products of learning through life’s experiences?
Ethnocentrism the tendency to look at other cultures through the eyes of one’s own culture and thereby misrepresent them.
Cultural relativism the practice of judging a society by its own standards
Socialization The social process through which we develop an awareness of social norms and values and achieve a distinct sense of self.
George Herbert Mead Generalized Other: the general values and moral rules of the culture in which children are developing.
Agents of Socialization Family ,Schools,Peers,Mass media ,Work
Erving Goffman Pioneer of study of social interaction Believed this study was important for three reasons Social lives are based on interactions,People innovate and improvise in daily lives, Micro-level interactions can tell us about large social processes and institutions
Striking a pose to play a certain social role Social Roles: socially defined expectations that a person in a given status or social position follows
Striking a pose to play a certain social role Social Roles: socially defined expectations that a person in a given status or social position follows Impression Management
People tend to want to avoid embarrassment and so they collaborate with others in daily activities to saving face
People segregate relationships in order to perform social roles that avoid feelings of shame or embarrassment. Audience segregation
Social Context and Shared Understandings The most inconsequential forms of daily talk presume complicated, shared knowledge brought into play by those speaking
What can we think about when we refer to deviance and crime? Deviance,Norms,Laws,Crime,Sanctions
A Sociological perceptive on deviance is that Definitions of conformity and deviance vary based on one’s social context
Sociological perspective on deviance Wide differences in wealth and power in society greatly influence opportunities open to different groups Those in power usually define what is deviant/criminal or normal/law-abiding behavior Sociological perspective on deviance
Functionalist theories Durkheim – functions of deviance, anomie
Functionalist theories Merton – strain theory strain put on individuals’ behavior when accepted norms conflict with social reality
Reinforcement theories Differential association Control theory
Differential association Crime occurs as a result of an imbalance between impulses toward criminal activity and the social or physical controls that deter it.
Control theory: Crime occurs as a result of an imbalance between impulses toward criminal activity and the social or physical controls that deter it.
Conflict theories Ideas about what is deviant reflect inequality in society and allow the powerful to maintain their power
Labeling Theory An approach to the study of deviance that suggests that people become deviant because certain labels are attached to such behavior by political authorities and others
Created by: BMCC
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