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Plant Science
College of the Desert - Ch 1-4 Plant Science
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is agriculture? | The cultivation of a field. |
| The plant kingdom is divided into two distinct groups of seed-bearing plants, what are they? | Gymnospermae and Angiospermae |
| What is a gymnospermae? | The "naked-seeded" plants. They are all woody, perennial evergreen plants. Typically the cone-bearing plants. |
| What is an angiospermae? | Include those species that have flowers and seeds always protected by fruit. |
| What are the two subdivisions of angiosperms? How are their divisions determined? | Monocotyledons (Monocots) and Dicotoledons (Dicots). These divisions are based upon the number of cotyledons, or seed leaves found in the seed. |
| What is the cell that is the storage reservoir for water, sugars, salts and other biochemicals as well as intercellular digestion and the release of cellular waste products? | Vacuole. |
| What is the site of respiration and the production of respiratory energy called? | The Mitochondria |
| What is the transport network for molecules destined for specific modification and locations called? Also responsible for protein synthesis and contains the Ribosomes made by the nucleolus (two types). | Smooth and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum. |
| Where does the RNA go for translation into proteins? | Ribosomes. |
| What are the internal structures within the cell called? | Organelles. |
| Which meristem is responsible for the continuous growth of grasses? | Intercalary. |
| Which meristem is responsible for the plant getting bushier? | Axillary. |
| Which cell is responsible for producing ribosomes and critical in protein synthesis? | Nucleolus. |
| Which cell controls the cell metabolism and is considered the "soup" in which all other oraganelles float? | Cytoplasma. |
| Which part of the cell transports materials between cells, where osmosis occurs? | Plasmodesmata. |
| Which part of the plant cell is not living? | The cell wall. |
| What are the two types of cells? | Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic. |
| Which type of cell has no true nucleus, no major organelles, and is found in bacteria? | Prokaryotic. |
| Which type of cell has a true nucleus, complex organelles and is found in plants and animals? | Eukaryotic. |
| Who was the first person to observe a plant cell? | Robert Hooke. |
| Name the oldest organism which produces its food through photosynthesis? | Algae. |
| Which type of algae gives off the most oxygen? | Phytoplankton. |
| Plants are found in just about every geographical location except: | Polar regions Deepest areas of the ocean Driest deserts |
| What do the growth rings on a tree indicate? How? | Climate change. The wider, the less harsh the climate that year, the more narrow, the more harsh the climate. |
| What is photosynthesis? | The conversion of solar energy into chemical energy. |
| What is the difference between monoecious and dioecious plants? | Monoecious plants have both reproductive genders on one plant (corn) while dioecious plants have an individual male and female plant (date palm) |
| Name some of the features of monocots. | Parallel veins, scattered vascular bundles, one cotyledon, fibrous root system and flowers are not showy (bright colored) |
| Name some of the features of dicots. | Two seeded cotyledon, netted leaf venation, distinct vascular bundles, taproot system and has showy flowers (bright colored) |
| Why is classification and scientific names so important? | For specificity, cultural management and accuracy. |
| Name some possible weaknesses of scientific names. | Only recently has nomenclature been uniform. Changes in old and familiar names may change. Names are often long and hard to pronounce. Laws and rules may result in confusion. |
| Name some of the weaknesses of common names. | Meaning is usually only clear in one language. One plant can have many common names OR one common name can describe many plants. |
| Which Swedish botanist introduced the use of Binomial Nomenclature? | Carolus Linnaeus. |
| Name the plant order. (Hint: The King Plays Chess On Friday, Golf Saturday-Cheats) | Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species, and Cultivar. |
| What is binomial nomenclature? | The use of two names which contains the genus and species |
| What are the foundations of naming plants? | Latin or Greek based and typically the name of an individual, the location, or plant part. |
| How is the names of Binomial Nomenclature written? | In italics or underlined with the first letter of Genus capitalized and the species name in lowercase. |
| What does Horticulture mean? | Cultivation of a garden. |
| What determines the length of a growing season? | The last frost in the spring to the first frost in the fall. |
| What is the double membrane structure that is rigid and protects the cell? | Cell wall. |
| This part of the cell is considered the "brain of the cell" and contains the DNA of the plant. | The Nucleus |
| Which part of the cell contains all of the organelles inside the cell walls and is a double layer on the interior of the cell wall? | Plasma Membrane |
| Which part of the cell contains the Chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis? | Chloroplast. |
| Name the three types of tissues. | Dermal (skin), Ground (muscle/fat), and Vascular (veins/arteries). |
| What is the function of the dermal tissue? | To protect the plant. Considered the "skin" of the plant. |
| What is the function of the vascular tissue and what are its two main parts? | Considered the veins and arteries of the plant. Main parts are the Xylem and Phloem. |
| Explain how the Xylem works. | Transports water and nutrients from the roots to the rest of the plant. |
| Explain how the Phloem works. | Transports carbohydrates from the leaves to the rest of the plant. |
| What are the functions of the root? | absorbs water from the soil and anchors the plant. |
| What are stems? | A series of node and internodes. |
| What are nodes? | The meristematic tissue where active cell division takes place. |
| What are the two types of plant growth and what do they do? | Primary and Secondary. Primary growth increases the length and Secondary increases the girth. |
| What is Step 1 of cell division? | Interphase: The resting phase. The period between one division and the next period of growth. |
| What is Step 2 of cell division? | Prophase: Preparing to divide the two identical chromosomes that are joined. |
| What is Step 3 of cell division? | Metaphase: Mitosis is starting and there is no longer a division between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. |
| What is Step 4 of cell division? | Anaphase: Mitosis continues. The pairs of identical chromosomes separate from one another. They migrate to opposite ends. |
| What is Step 5 of cell division? | Telophase: Mitosis. A nuclear membrane begins to form around both sets of chromosomes. Cell plate forms. |
| What is Step 6 of cell division? | Cytokinesis: Return to interphase. |
| Name the four types of Meristems. | Apical, Axillary, Lateral, and Intercalary. |
| What is the function of the Apical Meristem? | Makes stems and roots longer. |
| What is the function of the Axillary Meristem? | Makes stems bushier and roots more numerous. |
| What is the function of the Lateral Meristem? | Makes roots and stems thicker. |
| What is the function of the Intercalary meristems? | Keeps the plant growing after it has been cut due to separate zones of mature tissue just above the node or at the base of leaves. |
| What is the function of the leaves? | Makes carbohydrates through photosynthesis. Transpires water vapor to cool the plant. Directs water from rain to the roots. Acts as a shade to protect the rest of the plant. |
| What is the stomata? | Where gas exchange takes place. Plant takes in CO2 and releases O2. |
| Which part of the stomata regulates water? | The guard cells. |
| What is the main compound that causes the guard cells to open and close? | Potassium. |
| Where is the stomata located? | On the bottom of the leaf. |
| What is pollination? | When pollen goes from the anther to the stigma. |
| What is fertilization? | After pollen lands on the Stigma, it will germinate through the style, penetrate the wall of the ovary and will come in contact with the egg (ovule) |
| What is the name of the collective female parts of the flower called? | Pistil. |
| What is the name of the collective male parts of the flower called? | The Stamen. |
| What is the collective of all of the petals? | The Corolla. |
| What is the collective of all of the sepals? | The Caylex. |
| How is a flower classified as a complete flower? | It has ALL of the parts of the flower (Stamen, Pistil, Petals and Sepals). |
| When is a flower classified as an incomplete flower? | When it is missing 1 of the 4 parts. |
| What is the difference between a perfect and imperfect flower? | A perfect flower has both the pistils and the stamen (both reproductive parts) while an incomplete flower is missing either the pistils OR the stamen, |
| What is a monoecious flower? | Has separate male and female flowers on the same plant (corn) |
| What is a dioecious flower? | Has a female flower on one plant and a male flower on another plant (date palm) |
| What is the most important bi-product of photosynthesis? | Oxygen is released. |
| What is plant taxonomy? | The science of classifying plants. |
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