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A&P Exam 1
Spring 2015
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How are living things organized? | Atoms > Molecules > organelles > cells> Tissues > Organs >Organ Systems > Organism |
| How many organ systems are there? | 11 |
| What is extrinsic regulation controlled by? | Nervous and Endocrine systems |
| What does the effector do? | carries out instructions |
| What does Supine mean? | lying down, face up |
| How many elements do living organisms require | 20 |
| What is potential energy of position? | the energy it takes to hold electrons in place |
| What is Oxidation? | the loss of an electron |
| What is Reduction? | The gain of an electron |
| What is a molecule? | Two of the same atom |
| What is a compound? | Two different atoms |
| What are the 3 things chemical reactions are influenced by? | Temperature, Catalysts, and concentration of reactants and products |
| What is Energy? | The power to do work |
| What is Work? | a change in mass or distance |
| What is chemical energy? | potential energy stored in chemical bonds (ATP) |
| What is Electrical energy | movement of charged particles |
| What is Mechanical energy? | moving matter |
| What is Radiant Energy | electromagnetic (energy in waves) |
| What is Catabolism? | Decomposition reaction (AB > A+B) |
| What is Anabolism? | Synthesis reaction (A+B > AB) |
| What is Hydrolysis? | The removal of water (A-B-C-D-E+H2O > A-B-C-H+HO-D-E) |
| What is Dehydration Synthesis? | The addition of water (condensation) (A-B-C-H+HO-D-E > A-B-C-D-E+H2O) |
| What are metabolites? | molecules made or broken down in the body |
| What are the 4 properties of water? | Solubility, reactivity, high heat capacity, lubrication |
| What are the 3 type of Carbohydrates? | Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides |
| What are monosaccharides? | simple sugars with 3-7 carbon atoms (glucose) |
| What are disaccharides? | 2 simple sugars condensed by dehydration synthesis (sucrose) |
| What are polysaccharides? | Chains of many simple sugars (glycogen) |
| What are the 5 types of lipids? | Fatty acids, Eicosanoids, Glycerides, Steroids, Phospholipids and Glycolipids |
| What are the 2 types of Eicosanoids? | Leukotrienes and Prostaglandins |
| What are Leukotrienes? | active in immune system |
| What are Prostaglandins? | short-chain fatty acids, local hormones |
| What are Glycerides? | fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule |
| What is a Triglyceride? | Fat storage molecule |
| What are the 4 types of Steroids? | Cholesterol, Estrogens and Testosterone, Corticosteroids and calcitrol, and bile salts |
| What is a corticosteroid and calcitrol? | metabolic regulators |
| How many amino acids are there? | 20 |
| What are the 7 protein functions? | support, movement, transport, buffering, metabolic regulation, coordination and control, and defense |
| What are the 5 parts of an amino acid? | central carbon, hydrogen, amino group (-NH2), carboxylic acid group (-COOH), and R group |
| What makes up an amino group? | NH2 |
| What makes up a carboxylic group? | COOH |
| What is a peptide bond? | a dehydration synthesis between an amino group and carboxylic group |
| What are fibrous proteins? | structural sheets or strands |
| What are globular proteins? | soluble spheres with active functions |
| What is a cofactor? | an ion or molecule that binds to an enzyme before substrates can bind |
| What are the bases A & T? | Purines |
| What are the bases C & G | Pyrimidines |
| What makes up a nucleotide? | sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base (building block of DNA) |
| What are the 3 components of the cell membrane? | lipids, carbohydrates, proteins |
| What are the 6 functions of membrane proteins? | Anchoring, recognition, enzymes, receptor, carrier, channels |
| What are the 3 membrane carbohydrates? | Proteoglycans, glycoproteins, glycolipids |
| What filaments make up the cytoskeleton? | microfilaments, intermediate, and microtubules |
| What are microfilaments? | thin filaments composed of actin that provide additional mechanical strength and pairs with myosin for muscle movement |
| What are intermediate filaments? | made of durable collagen used to strengthen and maintain shape, stabilize organelles, and stablilize cell position |
| What are microtubules? | Made of tubulin, used to attach to centrosome, strengthen cell and anchor organelles, change cell shape, move vesicles, and form spindle apparatus |
| What are free ribosomes for? | proteins for cell |
| what are fixed ribosomes for? | proteins for secretion |
| What are proteasomes? | contain proteases that disassmble damaged proteins for recylcing |
| What are cisternae? | storage chambers within ER membranes |
| What is the function of ER | synthesis of protein, storage of synthesized molecules, and detoxification of drugs or toxins |
| What is the function of smooth ER | synthesize lipids and carbohydrates |
| Primary lysosome | formed by Golgi and inactive enzymes |
| Secondary lysosome | lysosome fused with damaged organelle, digestive enzyme activated, toxic chemicals isolated |
| What are Peroxisomes | enzyme-containing vesicles that break down fatty acids and organic compounds and produce H2O2 |
| What is the cristae? | the mitochondria's folded inner membrane |
| What does the nucleoli do? | protein production, synthesis rRNA |
| What are the 7 methods of transport? | simple diffusion, channel-mediated diffusion, osmosis, faciliated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis |
| What is tonicity? | the osmotic effect of a solute on a cell |
| What is hemolysis? | when a cell ruptures |
| What is crenation? | When a cell shrivels |
| Give an example of active transport | Sodium-Potassium Pump |
| Explain the sodium-potassium pump | K+ is not able to come directly in, so NA+ is bound to glucose from the outside, brought into the cell, and then exchanged for K+. 2 K+ for every 3 NA+ |
| Pinocytosis and Phagocytosis are part of what transport? | Endocytosis |
| Explain endocytosis | receptors (glycoproteins) bind target molecules (ligands) and create a vesicle that then fuses with a lsysosome and releases the ligands. Receptor detaches from lysosome and returns to cell membrane |
| What are pseudopodia? | the hole that forms in the membrane during endo or exocytosis |
| What happens in the G zero phase? | specialized cell functions |
| What happens in the G1 phase? | cell growth, organelle duplication, protein synthesis |
| what happens in the S phase? | DNA replication and histone synthesis |
| What happens in the G2 phase? | finishing of protein synthesis and centriole replication |
| What does DNA polymerase do? | attaches complementary nucleotides |
| What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue? | cellularity, polarity, attachment, avascularity, and regeneration |
| What are the functions of epithelial tissue? | provide physical protection, control permeability, provide sensation, and produce specialized secretions |
| What is the function of simple squamous epithelium? | absorption and diffusion |
| What does mesothelium line? | body cavities |
| what does endothelium line? | heart and blood vessels |
| mesothelium and endothelium are a type of what tissue? | simple squamous epithelium |
| What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium? | protects against attacks |
| What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium? | secretion and absorption (kidney tubules) |
| What is the function of stratified cuboidal epithelium? | sweat and mammary ducts |
| What is the function of simple columnar epithelial? | absorption and secretion |
| What is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium? | cilia movement |
| What is the function of stratified columnar epithelium? | protection |
| What are the types and functions of glandular epithelium? | Endocrine gland that release hormones into interstitial fluid and have no ducts, and exocrine glands that produce secretions onto epithelial surfaces through ducts |
| What are the 3 modes of secretion? | Merocrine, Apocrine, and Holocrine |
| What is Merocrine secretion? | produced by golgi body, released by vesicles (sweat glands) |
| What is Apocrine secretion? | produced by Golgi apparatus, released by shedding cytoplasm (mammary gland) |
| What is Holocrine secretion? | released by cells bursting, killing gland cells, and replaced by stem cells (sebaceous glands) |
| What are the functions of connective tissue? | connect epithelium to the rest of the body, provide structure, store energy, and transport materials |
| Characteristics of collagen fibers | most common in connective tissue proper, resists force in 1 direction (tendons and ligaments) |
| Characteristics of Reticular fibers | resists force in many directions (sheaths around organs) |
| Where is areolar tissue found? | holds blood vessels and capillary beds (under skin) |
| Where is reticular tissue found? | supportive fibers that support functional cells, reticular organs, spleen, liver, lymph nodes, and bone marrow |
| What is dense regular connective tissue for? | attachment and stabilization (tendons, ligaments) |
| What is dense irregular connective tissue for? | layered in skin, around cartilage, around bones, and form capsules around some organs (liver, kidneys) |
| Characteristics of Hyaline Cartilage | stiff, flexible support; reduces friction between bones; found in synovial joints, rib tips, sternum, and trachea |
| Characteristics of Fibrocartilage Cartilage | Limits movement; prevents bone to bone contact; pads knee joints; found between pubic bones and intervertebral discs |
| What is Perosteum | covers bone surfaces |
| What are the 4 types of membranes | Mucous, Serous, Cutaneous, and Synovial |
| Characteristics of Mucous Membrane | Line passages that have external passageways |
| Characteristics of Serous Membrane | Line cavities not open to the outside; Have fluid transudate to reduce friction; have 2 portions (parietal and visceral) |
| Characteristics of Synovial Membrane | Line articulating joint cavities; produce synovial fluid; protect ends of bones |
| Skeletal Muscles | Striated, voluntary, and multinucleated |
| Cardiac Muscles | Striated, involuntary, and single nucleus; form branching networks connected at intercalated disks |
| Smooth Muscles | nonstriated, involuntary, and single nucleus |
Created by:
Asund6
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