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Classic Period
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Enlightenment | "The Age of Reason" The 18th Century. reason and knowledge=solutions. |
| American Revolution/ French Revolution | enlightenment thinking lead to social reform and need for human rights. People demanded reform via revolution. |
| Classical Period | 18th century. |
| Galant Style | French style. Elegant and courtly literature. Modern, smooth, sophisticated. Simple melody and light accompaniment. |
| Empfindsam Style | Sentimentality. Assoc. with CPE Bach |
| Opera Buffa | "comic opera". 6 or 7 characters. Sung throughout. Plot served moral purpose. Centred on regular people. Made fun of upper class. Dialogue set in rapidly delivered recitative with continuo. Galant style arias. |
| What does opera buffa mean? | comic opera |
| What type of opera has 6 or 7 characters? | Opera buffa |
| Plot serves a moral purpose | And also centred on regular people, opera buffa |
| opera seria | standardized by Metastatsio; based on Greek and Latin stories; 3 acts of recit/aria pairings; pastoral or military scenes |
| pastoral or military scenes | opera seria |
| Public concerts | outside, importance like opera. Connected with symphony orchestra. Middle class music making increased. Depictions of everyday people. Interest in reading about music. |
| Periodicity | Frequent resting points. Segments relating to one another. 2-4 measure phrase, 2 or more phrases= a period. Composition, 2 or more periods. |
| Alberti bass | Arpeggiated underlying chords in simple repeating pattern. |
| Johann Adolf Hasse (1699-1783) | Great master of opera seria. Most operas use Metastatsio librettos. Music and opera director of Saxony. |
| Concerto first-movement form | review it asap!!!! |
| New style vs. baroque | -musical phrases, 2-4 measures -2+ periods = a complete theme -music like a language, punctuation. vs. baroque- stream of unclear conciousness |
| Pietro Metastatio (1698-1786) | -dramas set to music -court poet in Vienna in 1729 -heroic operas based on Greek/Latin tales -famous for opera seria |
| After metastatio fixed opera seria? | -presents conflict of human passions -promote morality through entertainment -models merciful rulers -2 pairs of lovers -resolution= deed of heroism |
| Christoph Willibald Gluck (1714-1787) | -court composer to Emporer Charles the VI in Vienna -opera reformer, published a manifesto -composed Orfeo ed Euridice (1762) |
| Who composed Orfeo ad Euridice? | Gluck |
| Who composed La Serva Padrona? | Pergolesi |
| Who composed Don Giovanni? | Mozart |
| Who composed Sonata in D+ K.119? | Scarlatti |
| Who composed Piano Sonata in C Minor, Op. 13? (Pathetique) | Beethoven |
| Who composed Symphony No. 88 in G Major? | Haydn |
| Who composed Piano Concerto in A Major K. 488? | Mozart |
| Who composed Symphony No. 3 in E Flat Major Op. 55 (Eroica)? | Beethoven |
| G. B Pergolesi | Early master of comic intermezzo; later known as opera buffa. Wrote la serva padrona |
| Querelle des bouffons | Pamphlet war in France over merits of Italian vs French opera. La serva padrona was pitted against Lully's serious opera; thus sparking debate between forward-thinkers and people who demanded respect for Lully's work |
| Opera comique | French equivalent of opera buffa (an Italian genre). Consisting of popular tunes (vaudevilles) or simple melodies; at fairs or expos. Used spoken word instead of recitatives. |
| Ballad opera | English version of opera buffa (an Italian genre). Rose to fame after A Beggar's Opera; which satirized Italian opera seria. |
| Singspiel | Revival inspired by ballad opera. Began arranging English, then French works for German audiences. Singspiel music has eventually found its way into German folk song. |
| Fortepiano | Ancestor to modern day piano. Allowed range in dynamics from piano to forte by weight of touch on keys. |
| Sonata | Compositional feature or form, Varies across composers. Expanded version of binary form ( sec 1- I-V. sec. 2 A) V- mod- end on V B) 1-1 :|| ) |
| Sonata form | PERIOD 1- I-V PERIOD 2 1- V-mod-on V 2- I-I :|| |
| Da Capo Aria Form | A: Rit | Solo | Rit | Solo | Rit | B: Solo | A (da capo) I mod V mod I vi repeat A: |
| Symphonic Form | 4 movements : 1. FAST Allegro (slow intro? sonata form) 2. SLOW Andante (ABA or variations) 3. MIN & TRIO Allegretto (later became scherzo) 4. FAST Allegro (finale, sonata or rondo) |
| Concerto form | Fast-Slow-Fast |
| Binary form | A- A I B V B- A V B I |
| Rounded Binary | A- A I B V B- A I B I |
| D. Scarlatti (1685-1757) | Son of Alessandro. 1719: Left Italy to work for King of Portugal. 1729: moved to Madrid; served Spanish court for rest of life. Composed 555 sonatas; most in binary form. from 1745 on: sonatas had 2 movements |
| Sonata form (Koch) | A Exposition B Development A' Recapitulation I-V V-mod-V I-I |
| C.P.E. Bach (1714-1788) | Empfindsam style. Sentimental, expressive style. Wrote many works for keyboard especially clavichord. |
| Sammartini | Early symphony composer. |
| Mannheim Orchestra | When symphony spread north to Germany; this orchestra became renowned for their discipline and technique, as well as dynamics. |
| Stamitz | First symphony composer to use 4-movement symphony form, with minuet and trio as third, and fast finale as final movement. |
| J. C. Bach | Early concerto composer. Youngest son of JS Bach. |
| First Movement Concerto Form | 1. Rit- I 2. Solo- I-mod-V 3. Rit- V 4. Solo- mod 5. Rit- cadence, V 6. Solo- I 7. Rit- I |
| Haydn (1732-1809) | Born in Rohrau, Austria. St. Stephen's choir boy. Studied with Popora. Worked in Esterhazy palace for 30 years. Composed 6 Paris symphonies and 12 London symphonies. |
| St. Stephen's Cathederal | Haydn became a choir boy here at age 7, learning harpsichord, singing and violin. Dismissed at age 17. |
| Esterhazy | Hungarian prince whom Haydn spent 30 years composing for. Palace; high demand for music as entertained guests every weekend. |
| Minuet | Included as a Minuet and Trio into many forms of music. |
| Scherzo | Italian for "joke". Used to throw dancing off-beat in typical dance forms. |
| The Heiligenstadt Testament | A letter Beethoven wrote proclaiming his sorrow and shame of becoming deaf. |
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