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Principles of Pharm
Principles of Pharmacology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Science dealing with the preparation, uses, and effects of drugs. | Pharmacology |
| First phase of drug action. Includes dissolution of drugs taken by mouth. | Pharmaceutic Phase |
| Study of the absorption, distribution, and metabolism of drugs in a living organism. | Pharmacokinetics |
| Study of the biochemical and physical effects of drugs; mechanisms of drug actions. Study of drug concentration and its effects on the body. | Pharmacodynamics |
| Effect of the drug action that varies from a predicted drug response because of genetic factors or hereditary influence. | Pharmacogenetics |
| General term covering the use of drugs in the prevention and treatment of disease. "Clinical application"- how a drug is used clinically. | Pharmacotherapeutics |
| Natural drugs. Drugs found in plants, animals, minerals, or their products. Naturally occurring drugs may have chemical structure changed in lab to increase drug's effectiveness. | Pharmacognasy |
| Study of poisons and other drugs | Toxicology |
| Pharmacologic agent capable of interacting with living organisms to produce biological effects. | Drug/Medication |
| Can only be used safely under the supervision of health care professional licensed to prescribe drugs. | Prescription Drug |
| OTC. Used by consumers without supervision of licensed professional. Must follow directions! | Nonprescription Drug |
| Controlled by federal, state, and local laws because drug can lead to dependance or abuse. | Controlled Drug |
| Self-directed use of drugs for nontherapeutic purposes. Doesn't comply with sociocultural norms. | Drug Abuse |
| Person is unable to control drug intake. Can be physical, psychological, or both. | Drug Dependance |
| Improper use of drugs. Can lead to GI bleeding, kidney or liver damage. | Drug Misuse |
| Used only for pleasant physiological or psychological effects. No therapeutic use. | Recreational Drug |
| Drug nomenclature is the ________ of the drug | Naming |
| What name describes the atomic and molecular structure of drugs? | Chemical Name |
| What name is the "Official name" of drugs? Derived from the chemical name, but usually shorter. Assigned by the United States Adopted Names Council. | Generic Name |
| Name given to the drug by a drug company. This name is copyrighted, registered, and limited to that manufacturer for its use. "Registered Trade Mark" | Trade Name |
| Families of drugs which share similar characteristics. | Pharmacologic Class |
| Drugs grouped by their therapeutic uses. | Therapeutic Classifications |
| Chooses a representative drug for each class. Frequently used for teaching. Must remember that this drug is only representative, and there are normal variations among each drug. | Prototype |
| Who monitors tests with animals which determine the drug's use, dosage, and possible side effects? | Food and Drug Administration (FDA) |
| What phase of IND? Clinical pharmacologist supervises studies involving small numbers of healthy volunteers, and all effects recorded. Some subjects may be paid. | Phase I |
| What phase of IND? Small number of people diagnosed with disease for which drug is therapeutic. Adverse effects recorded to determine dosage. Data compared with human and animal studies. Effects on human and animal fertility and reproduction monitored. | Phase II |
| What phase of IND? Large number of patients receive drug. Some patients may receive placebo. | Phase III |
| What phase of IND? Drug company must communicate with FDA regarding all reports of therapeutic or adverse effects of drug. Drug may be withdrawn from market after initial release. | Phase IV |
| For what condition may a few drugs receive expedited FDA approval? | AIDS |
| Drugs which never make it to the marker because they cost to much to develop, has limited marker for rare disease, and/or has high risk of adverse effects. | Orphan Drugs |
| Companies may apply for tax credits to develop these drugs as a result of litigation passed in 1983. | Orphan drugs |
| Legislated in 1970. Designed to remedy escalating drug problem. | Controlled Substances Act |
| What Schedule? For the purposes of research only. High abuse potential. No medical use in USA. Unacceptable dangers. Requires clearance from FDA to obtain drug. | Schedule I |
| What Schedule? Requires written prescription. In emergency, licensed health care professional may order over phone. No phone renewals. High abuse potential, but has therapeutic use. Can lead to dependance. | Schedule II |
| What Schedule? Prescription must be rewritten after 6 months or 5 refills. May be prescribed over phone. Lower abuse potential. Acceptable therapeutic use. Abuse may lead to low to moderate dependance. | Schedule III |
| Prescription must be rewritten after 6 months or 5 refills. Low abuse potential. Has acceptable therapeutic uses. | Schedule IV |
| Dispensed as any other prescription drug. Low abuse potential and has acceptable therapeutic uses. Abuse leads to limited physical or psychological dependance. | Schedule V |
| In 1906 designated United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary as official standards for drugs. | Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act |
| In 1914 classified certain drugs as habit-forming narcotics and placed regulations on the importation, manufacture, and sale of these drugs. First narcotic control legislation passed by any nation. | Harrison Narcotic Act |
| Amendment to 1906 legislation required labeling of package contents to include what? | Statement describing contents and name of drug. Concentration of drug (i.e. alcohol). Warning for habit forming drugs and their effects. Name of manufacturer. Directions for use and warning against unsafe use. |
| Enforced by federal government to ensure uniform quality of drugs. | Drug Standards |
| Uncontaminated states of drug. Standards specify the type and amount of extraneous materials acceptable in the drug. | Purity |
| Degree to which drug is absorbed and transported to target site in the body. Can differ among manufacturers. | Bioavailability |
| Power to produce the desired effect. Standards set by testing lab animals to determine definite measurable effects. | Potency |
| Effectiveness of drug treatment. Determined by clinical trials. Max therapeutic effect a drug can offer. | Efficacy |
| Determined by reported adverse drug reactions. Standards are constantly being refined. | Safety and Toxicity |
| Drug's progress from pharmaceutical dosage to substance that can pass through or across tissues. | Drug Absorption |
| Type of Formulation: Most frequently dispensed. Has thin coating to decrease dust during oral administration. May be scored. Usually absorbed in the stomach. | Compressed Tablet |
| Type of Formulation: Provides safe and effective drug absorption through entire GI tract. May have enteric coating to protect it from stomach acids. May be capsule with beads inside. Should never be opened or crushed. | Sustained-Release |
| Type of Formulation: Form of sustained-release. Tablet has two shells. Initial dose is carried in the outer shell. Second within the inner shell. | Repeat-Action Tablets |
| Ingredients which are present in most tablets and capsules to help bind the tablet, increase size, or enhance disintegration in the stomach or small intestine. | Inert Ingredients |
| If formula is cloudy or thick, do not inject it into __________. | Vein |
| Keep on going! | Don't quit now! You're doing great! |
| Method of Absorption: drug moves from area of higher concentration to lower concentration. | Passive |
| Method of Absorption: requires cellular energy to move drug from an area of lower concentration to higher concentration. | Active transport |
| Most drugs are absorbed in the ____________. | Small Intestine |
| IM drugs are absorbed more quickly in what muscle? | Deltoid |
| Food stimulates circulation to the GI tract and may ___________absorption of oral medications. | Enhance |
| Does strenuous exercise enhance or slow drug absorption? | Slow |
| Pain and stress can ________ the total amount of drug absorbed. | Decrease |
| What is this process called? Oral drugs absorbed from intestine, pass through portal vein, and into liver before passing into circulation. | First-Pass Effect |
| What is this process called? Drugs absorbed by GI tract, travel to liver, excreted in bile, and eventually return to intestine, then reabsorbed into bloodstream. | Enterohepatic Recycling |
| Fat soluble drugs can penetrate _________. Water soluble drugs cannot. | Lipoid Cells |
| Where are drugs absorbed the fastest? | Sublingually |
| Process by which drug is carried from site of absorption to site of action. | Drug Distribution |
| Body's ability to change drug biologically from its dosage or parent form to a more water-soluble form. | Drug Metabolism/Biotransformation |
| Drugs are usually metabolized in the _________ and excreted by the __________. | Liver; Kidneys |
| Time required for total amount of drug to decrease by 1/2. | Half-Life |
| Most drugs are essentially eliminated from the body after ______ half-lives. | 5 |
| Refers to the removal of a drug from the body. | Drug Clearance |
| Refers to time in which a drug is absorbed, reached effective blood level, is distributed to the site of action, and elicits a therapeutic response. | Onset |
| As more drug reaches the site of action, an increase in therapeutic response occurs. This is known as what? | Peak |
| Length of time a drug concentration is sufficient to produce a therapeutic effect. | Duration |
| Interactions at the cellular level between a drug and cellular components. | Drug Action |
| Response resulting from a drug action. | Drug Effect |
| What two ways may a drug alter a target cell? | Modify cell environment and modify cell's function |
| Drug displays an affinity for a receptor, then enhances or stimulates the functional properties of the receptor. | Agonist |
| Drug which prevents a response from occurring. Competes with agonist for receptor site by occupying the receptor, thereby preventing action of the agonist. | Antagonist |
| Relationship between a drug's desired therapeutic effects and adverse effects. | Therapeutic Index |
| Type of Drug Therapy: Intensive drug therapy used for acutely ill. | Acute |
| Drug therapy prescribed on practical experience vs. pure scientific data. | Empiric |
| Type of Drug Therapy: Doesn't treat cause of the disease, but maintains other threatened body systems until condition resolves. | Supportive |
| Type of Drug Therapy: Goal is to make patient as comfortable as possible, not to treat the disease. | Palliative |
| Type of Drug Therapy: Used to treat chronic conditions which do not resolve. Goal is to prevent further progression of the disease. | Maintenance Therapy |
| Type of Drug Therapy: Can be short or long term. Examples include vitamins, minerals | Supplemental |
| The ________ of drug therapy should always outweigh the _________. | Benefits; Risks |
| What are three factors that influence choice of therapy? | Risk vs. Benefit Patient Compliance Cost |
| What are four main factors that can alter drug response? | Age Genetics Sex Body Fluid |
| Drug Interaction: Occurs when two drugs with similar actions are taken together. Effect is the sum of the effect of the two drugs. | Additive Effect |
| Drug Interaction: 2 drugs with different sites or mechanisms of action produce greater effects when taken together. | Synergistic/Potentiation |
| Drug Interaction: When given together, may cause adverse or toxic effects. | Interference |
| Drug Interaction: Increases effect of drug when it is displaced from tissue binding sites and drug is now in free state. | Displacement |
Created by:
mreedy
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