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NUR171-Hemato-1
Hematology - Ch 30 - 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Red marrow found where? | Flat and irregular bones – ends of long bones, pelvic, vertebrae, sacrum, sternum, cranial, scapulae |
| All 3 types of blood cells come from | matopoieitic stem cell within bone marrow |
| Serum refers to | plasma minus clotting factors |
| Plasma proteins | albumin, globulin, clotting factors, fibrinogen |
| Globin | simple protein |
| Heme | iron compound |
| Carbon dioxide bind to? | the globin portion of hemoglobin |
| Erythropoiesis | process of RBC production – regulated by cellular o2 requirements and general metabolic activity. |
| Essential nutrients for erythropoiesis | protein, iron, folate (folic acid), cobalamin (B12), riboflavin (B2), and pyridoxine (B6). |
| Reticulocyte | immature erythrocyte |
| Reticulocyte count measures? | rate at which new RBCs appear in circ |
| Reticulocytes develop into mature RBCs in what time frame? | 48 hours of release into circ |
| Hemolysis | destruction of RBCs |
| What performs hemolysis in body? | monocytes and macrophages that remove abnormal, defective, damaged, and old RBCs from circ |
| Where does hemolysis usually occur? | in bone marrow, liver, and spleen |
| Hemolysis of RBCs results in? | increased bilirubin in body |
| Primary function of granulocytes is | phagocytosis |
| Most common type of granulocyte | neutrophil 50 – 70 percent |
| Neutrophils primary phagocytic cells involved in | acute inflammatory responses |
| Mature neutrophils is called a | segmented neutrophils or “seg” or “polysegmented neutrophils” – cuz nucleus is segmented into 2 – 5 lobes |
| One of primary functions of eosinophils is to | engulf antigen-antibody complexes during allergic response |
| Basophils | less that 2%, cytoplasmic granules that contain heparin, serotonin, and histamine – allergic and inflammatory rxns |
| Lymphocytes | 20 – 40%, immune response, B and T cells, migrate to thymus and differentiate into T cells |
| Monocytes | 4-8%, potent phagocytic, 2nd type to arrive at scene of injury, become macrophages, Kupffer cells in liver, osteoclasts in bone, macrophages in lungs |
| Interact with lymphocytes to facilitate humoral and cellular immune responses | macrophages |
| Thrombocytes | platelets – initiate clotting process |
| Megakaryocyte | produce platelets |
| Thrombopoietin | regulates platelet production – growth factor acting on bone marrow |
| Platelets have life span of | 5-9 days |
| The __ of hemoglobin accounts for 2/3 of iron in body | heme |
| 1/3 of iron in body stored as | ferritin and hemosiderin (degraded form of ferritin) in bone marrow, spleen, liver, and macrophages |
| When stored iron is not replaced __ production is reduced | hemoglobin |
| Transferrin | synthesized in liver – serves as carrier plasma protein for iron |
| Vascular spasms of vasoconstriction can last for | 20 – 30 mins – allowing time for platelet response and clotting factors to activate |
| Platelet response and plasma clotting factors are triggered by | endothelial injury & release of substances such as tissue factor (TF) |
| Platelets are activated when exposed to | interstitial collagen from injured blood vessel |
| Which platelet factor facilitates coagulation? | factor 3 |
| What chemical increases platelet adhesiveness and aggregation | adenosine diphosphate |
| Intrinsic pathway activated by? | collagen exposure |
| Extrinsic pathway initiated when? | tissue factor is released extravascularily from injured tissues |
| vWf (von Wildebrand factors) is important for? | forming adhesive bridge between platelets |
| Thrombin is most powerful enzyme in the | coagulation process – converts fibrogen to fibrin |
| Fibrin split products (FSPs) | fibrin split into smaller elements by plasmin |
| If fibrinolysis is excessive, the pt will be predisposed to | bleeding |
| Increased FSPs (fibrin split products) lead to | impaired platelet aggregation, reduced prothrombin, and inability to stabilize fibrin |
| Functions of spleen | hematopoietic, filtration, immunologic, and storage |
| Hematopoietic function | spleen’s ability to produce RBCs during fetal development |
| What does spleen do regarding hemoglobin? | catabolizes it and returns iron component back to bone marrow for reuse |
| 90% of platelet mass is stored in | spleen |
| By means of __, proteins and fat from GI tract are able to return to circ. Sys. | |
| Lymph capillaries do not contain | valves |
| All lymph fluid carried to | right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct, then subclavian veins in neck. |
| Primary function of lymph nodes is | filtration of pathogens and foreign particles carried by lymph to nodes. |
| __ produces all the procoagulants essential to hemostasis and blood coagulation. | liver |
| Hepcidin, produced by liver, is key regulator of | iron balance |
| Synthesis of hepcidin stimulated by | iron overload or inflammation |
| Amount of marrow and stem cells __ with aging | decreases |
| The ___ of RBCs in increased in the older person | osmotic fragility |
| The total WBC count and differential are generally __ by aging. | not affected |
| There is diminished bone marrow reserve of __ in older adults | granulocytes |
| Where does iron absorption occur? | in the duodenum |
| Surgical excision of the duodenum affects what? | iron absorption |
| Partial or total gastrectomy affects blood how? | removes parietal cells, thus reducing intrinsic factor needed to abosorb cobalamin (b12) |
| Ileal resection affects blood production how? | This is where cobalamin (B12) absorption takes place |
Created by:
Ladystorm