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Ch 12

Vocabulary

TermDefinition
Core dense center of the earth made of solid and molten ir on and nickel
Mantle the layer of earth that surrounds the core; made of both molten magma and solid rock.
Crust the thin, solid, rocky outermost layer of the earth.
Differentiation the process of Earth materials separating and sorting by density resulting in a layered structure with the densest materials (Fe & NI) settling in the core.
TECTONIC PLATE a large section of the earth’s crust that moves and carries everything on it.
HOTSPOT a stationary, high temperature area of melting within the earth’s mantle that can last for several millions of years where superheated mantle magma rises towards the surface
RIFT VALLEY a long, narrow rip or opening, made by stretching, pulling, or splitting apart of the earth’s crust through which mantle magma reaches the surface adding new crust to edge of a tectonic plates
SEAFLOOR SPREADING. the theory that oceans widen (open up) and continents are pushed apart as new crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges
PLATE TECTONICS. the theory that the earth’s surface is made of large sections of crust that move and interact with each other
CONTINENTAL the theory that the major landmasses on earth were once part large single super continent that broke apart 200 millions years ago.
MID OCEAN RIDGE. a long, underwater mountain range that is split by a rift valley where magma rises and forms new oceanic crust.
CONVECTION CURRENT. the circular flow magma within the molten part of the mantle as it heats up and cools down.
SEISMIC WAVE. a record of the Earth's magnetic or shaking activity produced by the movement of earth’s tectonic plates.
PALEOMAGNETISM a record of the Earth’s magnetic field preserved by the alignment of magnetic minerals in the rocks of earth’s crust at the rocks were formed at mid-ocean ridges.
FOCUS the point inside the earth where rock first.
EPICENTER the point on the earth’s surface directly over the focus of an earthquake
RICHTER SCALE the scale used to measure the magnitude or strength of an earthquake
DEFORMATION the process of physically changing the earth’s crust as a result of tectonic forces
VISCOSITY the ability of a substance to resist flowing
FAULT. a break or fracture in the earth’s crust caused by tectonic forces
SEIAM a scientist that studies the behaviors and characteristics of earthquaker
LAG TIME the amount of time that passes between the arrival of the first P wave and the first
MAGNITUDE a measure of the amount of energy released during an earthquaker
CONTINENTAL MARGIN the edges of the continents below sea level that represent the shallowest parts of the ocean
PLATE BOUNDARY an area on the earth’s surface where the edge of tectonic plates are interacting
SUBDUCTION the geologic process by which one tectonic plate is forced down into the mantle under another tectonic plate
RING OF FIRE an area of high subduction activity and frequent volcanic eruption surrounding the Tectonic Plate.
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY a renewable energy source that originates from the earth’s own internal heat
TECTONIC FORCES forces generated from within the earth that result in uplift, move,movement,deformation of the earth’s crust
VOLCANIC ARC an arcing chain of volcanic islands or volcanic mountains forced by the subduction of an oceanic plate into the mantle under another tectonic plate
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