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T1 Cell Pathology
PATHO exam 1 review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Basic unit of the body | Cell |
| groups of similar cells to perform similar functions | Tissues |
| Tissues grouped together in different proportions | Organs |
| Groups of organs functioning together | Organ System |
| Integrated organ system | Functioning Organism |
| contains genetic information, directs metabolic function of cells | Nucleus |
| Content of the Nucleus | Nucleoli |
| 2 types of nucleic acid combined with protein | DNA & RNA |
| nucleic acid contained in chromosomes | DNA |
| Nucleic acid contained in nucleoli | RNA |
| Central Dogma | DNA-->mRNA--->Protein |
| Transcription takes place in the ? | Nucleus |
| Translation takes place in the ? | cytoplasm |
| mass of protoplasm with its various cytoplasm organelles, surrounded by a cell membrane, has a cytoskeleton | Cytoplasm |
| cytoplasm is Hyaloplasm which has no definite _____ , and has a ____ ____ that separates the cytoplasm from extracellular sl | Shape , Plasma Membrane |
| 5 Cytoplasmic organelles | mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes |
| Outer cell surface is called the ? | Plasma Membrane |
| Plasma Membrane; Selectively permeable, with _____ charge | electric |
| Plasma Membrane : is made up of Lipid bilayers with inserted_____ and____ | Lipid, glycolipids , glycoproteins |
| ______ is Brown pigment composed of oxidized lipids ,Accumulates in aging tissues (degradations product of lysosomes ) they are the ______ products of Autophagosomes and Heterophagosomes (secondary lysosomes) | Lipofuscin, Undigested |
| Diffusion is the The movement of _____ _____ (solute) from a more _______ to a____ solution | dissolved particles, concentrated, dilute |
| Osmosis The movement of_____ _____ from a more____ solution to a_____ solution | water molecules, Dilute , concentrated |
| ActiveTransport is The transfer of a_____ across the cell membrane from a region of___ concentration to_____ concentration | substance, low, higher |
| many metabolic processes depend on _____ ____ of ions and molecules | Active transport |
| The process of Active Transport requires the cell to____ energy because the substance must move against a______ _____ | expend, concentration gradient |
| moment of material into and out of cell : The ingestion of particles that are too large to pass across the cell membrane. | Phagocytosis |
| moment of material into and out of cell : Ingestion of fluid rather than solid material | Pinocytosis |
| Cellular swelling, bruise or a scratch are types of ____ cell injury | Reversible |
| Cell death, (heart disease, stroke) is a type of ______ cell injury | Irreversible |
| type of toxic cell injury ex) associated with heavy metals such as mercury, as by disrupting S-S bonds | Direct toxin |
| type of toxic cell injury ex.)carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is metabolized in the liver to carbon trichloride (CCl3), which is more toxic | Indirect toxin |
| type of cellular adaptation that Decrease in size of a cell, tissue, organ, or the entire body, | Atrophy |
| type of cellular adaptation that enlarged size of the cells | Hypertrophy |
| type of cellular adaptation that has an Increased number of cells in a tissue or organ | Hyperplasia |
| type of cellular adaptation that Change from normal cells to a different cell . It is_____ if the causative factors are removed. | Metaplasia, reversible |
| type of cellular adaptation that an increasing degree of disordered growth or maturation of the tissue (precedes to neoplasia(cancer cel)) | Dysplasia |
| clinically defined as “brain death,” occurs when tissues undergo autolysis>(destruction of tissue or cell by there own enzyme) | Somatic Death |
| Cell death occurs in two forms | Necrosis & Apoptosis |
| localized death of cells or tissues in a living organism | Necrosis |
| programmed death of single cells within a living organism | Apoptosis |
| The Mitochondria is surrounded by a double ______, and have _____ on the inside, and is full of ______ enzymes | membrane, cristae , oxidative (cytochrome oxidase) |
| Function of the Mitochondria ? | Generates ATP |
| Function of the Ribosomes ("polysomes") synthesis _____ for____ purpose | proteins, internal |
| Functions of the Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (RER) synthesis of ____ for ____ | proteins, export |
| The Smooth ER has _____ functions. such as _______ - which is the degradation of ____ , hormones, & _____ ( which organ does the degradation of DRUGS ? ) | complex, Catabolism, drugs, nutrients, THE LIVER |
| The Smooth ER functions in synthesis of what type of hormones ? | Steroid (estrogen,test, progesterone) |
| The Smooth ER is prominent in the ___ , in _____ cells, & _____ cells | liver, adrenal, Leydig |
| Lysosomes are _____-bound digestive organelles , there are primary and secondary lysosomes (2 types of secondary heterophagosomes, autophagosomes) | membrane |
| Lysosomes give rise to residual bodies ("______") which is a Degradation product which functionin degradation by to ____ particles that enter the cell | lipfuscin, Destroy |
| moment of material into and out of cell : the cytoplasm flows around the cell and the cytoplasmic processes fuse , _____ the ____ within a ___ in the cytoplasm of the cell | engulfing, partical, vacuole |
| 3 ways cells interact | Endocrine, Autocrine, Paracrine |
| method of cell interaction with glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream | Endocrine |
| method of cell interaction where hormone secreted must be adjacent to other cell to be effective ? | Paracrine |
| method of cell interaction where hormone secreted only has an effect on the cell its secreted from (its self) regulated by the hypothalamus | Autocrine |
| Hypoxia/anoxia is a type of cell injury when the cell is deficient in _____ , toxins, microbes, inflammation and immune reactions & oxygen radicals are all causes of cell injuries | oxygen |
| 2 types Microbial Pathogens | Bacteria and viruses |
| which produces toxins bacteria or viruses | Bacteria |
| type of microbial pathogen that kills cells from within also has a ____ cytopathic effect and a ____ cytopathic effect | Virus, Direct , Indirect |
| Atrophy can be _____ & predictable ex) atrophy of thymus after puberty, gain | Physiologic |
| Atrophy can be ______ - caused by lack of nutrition, chronic item, denervation, inactivity | Pathologic |
| In hypertension there is ______ of the heart, | Hypertrophy |
| Hypertrophy of ____ ____ in body builder | skeletal muscles |
| Endometrial _______ caused by the action of estrogen Benign prostatic __SAME__ in elderly men | hyperplasia |
| chronic irritation of cigarette smoke causing ciliated pseudostratified epithelium to be replaced by squamous epithelium is an example of what type of cell adaptation ? | Metaplasia |
| ______ dysplasia is a matured tissue(neoplasm) that is a result of Human Papiloma virus (HPV) | Cervical |
| Naturally,the sequence is_____ to_____ to ______. This is seen in development of uterine cervix (cervical cancer) and respiratory tract neoplasms(lung cancer) | metaplasia, dysplasia, neoplasia |
| when Apoptosis happens the ____ undergoes condensation and fragmentation (explodes) | nucleus |
| 4 types of necrosis (CLCF) (bleeding, water, Cheese, Butter) | Coagulative necrosis, Liquefactive necrosis, Caseous necrosis, Fat necrosis |
| Type of Necrosis : that refers to light microscopic alterations in a dead cell. | Coagulative necrosis |
| The appearance of the necrotic cell has traditionally been termed (coagulative necrosis) due to its similarity to coagulation(solid to fluid/gel) of____ that occurs upon_____. | proteins, heating |
| 3 morphologic changes of Coagulative necrosis (PKK) | Pyknosis, Karyorrhexis, Karyolysis |
| First Type of morphologic change of coagulative necrosis when the Nucleus becomes smaller and stains deeply basophilic as chromatin clumping continues | Pyknosis |
| Second Type of morphologic change of coagulative necrosis when Pyknotic nucleus breaks up into many smaller fragments scattered (nuclear dust). | Karyorrhexis |
| Third Type of morphologic change of coagulative necrosis when Pyknotic nucleus may be extracted from the cell due to enzymatic digestion | Karyolysis |
| are Nuclear changes (PKK) in coagulative necrosis reversible ? | No, they are Irreversible |
| Hall mark of irreversible cell injury ? | membrane damage |
| in Coagulative necrosis:______ arises from ischemic (inadequate blood supply to organ) condition of the limb and the resulting necrosis | Gangrene |
| Gangrene is localized ____ and_____ of body tissue due to poor circulation or bacterial infection | death, decomposition |
| 2 types of Gangrene | Dry and Wet |
| which type of gangrene has NO BLOOD or puss | Dry Gangrene (ex. frostbite) |
| which type of gangrene has blood, or pus (bacterial infection if has puss) | Wet gangrene |
| swollen area within body tissue containing an accumulation of puss | abscess |
| Type of Necrosis : the Rate of dissolution of the necrotic cells is faster than the rate of repair. this causes formation of The cavity of abscess | Liquefactive necrosis |
| Type of Necrosis : characteristic of tuberculosis (TB). | Caseous necrosis |
| in Caseous necrosis The lesions of TB are compact aggregates of_____ and other inflammatory cells known as______. | macrophages, granulomas |
| in caseous necrosis Debris from the dead cells are (color) and soft. & It resembles clumpy cheese characteristics. | grayish white |
| Type of necrosis : affects adipose tissue and most commonly results from pancreatitis or trauma. | Fat Necrosis |
| Fat necrosis appears as an irregular, chalky___ area embedded in otherwise normal adipose tissue | white |
| Traumatic fat necrosis is common in the ___ where it may be mistaken for____. | breast, cancer |
| 2 TYPES OF CALCIFCATION | Dystrophic calcification & Metastatic calcification |
| Dystrophic calcification is when____ tissue attracts calcium salts and becomes____ (examples atherosclerosis of arteries, damaged heart valves) | necrotic, calcified |
| Metastatic calcification : hypercalcemia (__ calcium) followed by deposition of calcium salts in____ tissues | High, normal |
| hyperparathyroidism (hyper active parathyroid gland) (gland that makes calcium ) is the most common cause of ? | hypercalcemia |
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